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References > Garnet
First draft: January 2^nd, 2014 | Last update: April 4^th, 2016 | References: 423

Keywords: Andradite, Colour-Change Garnet, Demantoid, Grandite, Grossular, Malaya, Pyralspite series, Pastel Pyrope (Italy), Pyrope, Rhodolite, Species & Varieties, Spectra, Research, Spessartine | Spessartite, Topazolite, Tsavorite | Tsavolite, Ugrandite series & Uvarovite.

Classification | Identification

Anonymous (1934). Unusual Garnets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 1, No. 4 (July-August), pp. 125-126.

Anonymous (1995). Granat: die Mineralien der Granat-Gruppe: Edelsteine, Schmuck und Laser. extraLapis, No. 9, Christian Weise Verlag, München, 96 p.

Cornejo, C. & Bartorelli, A. (2009). The exotic group of the garnets In: Minerals & Precious Stones of Brazil, p. 407. Solaris Cultural Publications, São Paulo, Brazil, 704 p. ISBN 978-85-89820-08-0.

Feral, K. (2009). Garnet magnetism on Magnetism in Gemstones

Fleischer, N.H. (1937). The relation between chemical composition and physical properties in the garnet group. American Mineralogist, Vol. 22, pp. 751-759. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Ford, W.E. (1915). A study of the relations existing between the chemical, optical and other physical properties of the members of the garnet group. American Journal of Science, 4^th series, Vol. 40, No. 235, pp. 33-49.

Geller, S (1967). Crystal chemistry of the garnets. Zeitschrift für Mineralogie, Vol. 125, pp. 1-47.

Grew, E.S., Locock, A.J., Mills, S.J., Galuskina, I.O., Evgeny V. Galuskin, E.V. & Hålenius, U. (2013). Nomenclature of the garnet supergroup. American Mineralogist, Vol. 98, pp. 785-811. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Gübelin, E.J. (1983). Garnets: A Plethora of Varieties and Inclusion Pictures In: Internal World of Gemstones. Documents from Space and Time, pp. 163-167. 3^rd edition. ABC Edition, Zürich, Switzerland, 234 p. ISBN 3-85504-030-3.
Note: 1^st Edition (1973). Innenwelt der Edelsteine. Urkunde aus Raum und Zeit. ABC Edition, Zürich, Switzerland, 233 p. ISBN 3-85504-030-3 (in German; ISBN checked in the original copies).

Gübelin, E.J. & Koivula, J.I. (1997). Garnets and their Inclusions In: Photoatlas of Inclusions in Gemstones, pp. 287-297. 3^rd revised edition. ABC Edition, Zürich, Switzerland, 532 p., ISBN 3-85504-095-8.

Gübelin, E.J. & Koivula, J.I. (2005). Inclusions in Gems of Commercial Importance: Garnet In: Photoatlas of Inclusions in Gemstones. Volume 2, pp. 430-485. Opinio Publishers, Basel, Switzerland, 829 p., ISBN 3-03999-029-2.

Hanneman, W.W. (1997). A unified system for classifying garnets. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 471–473.

Hanneman, W.W. (2000). Naming Gem Garnets. Hanneman Gemmological Instruments, Poulsbo, WA, USA, 103 p. ISBN 0-9669063-1-4.

Hänni, H.A. (1999). Les grenats gemmes. Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 138/139, pp. 50–54.

Hoover, D.B. (2011). Determining garnet composition from magnetic susceptibility and other properties. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 272-285.

Lauf, R.J. (2012). Collector's guide to the garnet group. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen, PA, USA, 96 p. ISBN 978-0764340031.

Manson, D.V. & Stockton, C.M. (1981). Gem garnets in the red-to-violet color range. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17. No. 4, pp. 191-204.

McConnell, D. (1964). Refringence of garnets and hydrogarnets. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 8, pp. 11-12. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Meagher, E.P. (1980). Silicate garnets In: Ribbe, P.H. (Editor) Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 5: Orthosilicates, pp. 25-66. Mineralogical Society of America, New York, i-xii + 450 p. ISBN 978-0-939950-13-3. description

Menzer, G. (1929). Die Kristallstruktur der Granate. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Vol. 69, No. 3-4, pp. 300-395 (in German).

Novak, G.A. & Gibbs, G.V. (1971). The crystal chemistry of the silicate garnets. American Mineralogist, Vol. 56, pp. 791-825. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Prandl, W. (1966). Verfeinerung der Kristallstruktur des Grossulars mit Neutronen- und Rontgenstrahlbeugung. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Vol. 123, pp. 81-116 (in German).

Rouse, J.D. (1986). Garnet. Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 208 p. ISBN 978-0408015349.

Shigley, J.E., Laurs, B.M., Janse, A.J.A.B., Elen, S. & Dirlam, D.M. (2010). Gem localities of the 2000s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 188-216.

Skinner, B.J. (1956). Physical properties of end-members of the garnet group. American Mineralogist, Vol. 41, pp. 428-436. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Stockton, C.M. (1987). Color and chemistry of gem garnets. In: Geiss, R.H. (Ed.) Microbeam Analysis - 1987, Proceedings of the 22^th Annual Conference of the Microbeam Analysis Society, 1987, San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA. ISBN 978-9998001398.

Stockton, C.M. & Manson, D.V. (1982). Gem garnets: the orange to red-orange color range In: Eash, D.M. (Ed.) International Gemological Symposium - Proceedings 1982, pp. 327-338. GIA, Santa Monica, CA, USA, 567 p. ISBN 978-0873110112.

Stockton, C.M. & Manson, D.V. (1985). A proposed new classification for gem-quality garnets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 205-218.

Stockwell, C.H. (1927). An X-ray study of the garnet group. American Mineralogist, Vol. 12, pp. 327-344. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

White, J.S. (2011). Let's Get It Right: Some thoughts about tourmalines (and garnets). Rocks & Minerals, Vol. 86, No. 1, p. 69-70. abstract

Winchell, H. (1958). The composition and physical properties of garnet. American Mineralogist, Vol. 43 (May-June), pp. 595-600. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Species & Varieties

Andradite | Demantoid | Topazolite

Anonymous (1998). Special report: Demantoid garnet enjoys market transformation. ICA Gazette, November/December, 1998.

Anonymous (2009). Demantoid Disclosure. The ins and outs of reporting treatment and locality, published on www.palagems.com

Adamo, I., Bocchio, R., Diella, V., Pavese, A., Vignola, P., Prosperi, L. & Palanza, V. (2009). Demantoid from Val Malenco, Italy: Review and Update. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 280-287.

Adamo, I., Gatta, G.D., Rotiroti, N., Diella, V. & Pavese, A. (2011). Green andradite stones: gemmological and mineralogical characterisation. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 91-100. abstract

Amabili, M., Spertini, F., Auguste, M.B. & Bonin, G. (2009). Famous mineral localities: The Lac d’Amiante mine, Black Lake, Thetford mines, Quebec. The Mineralogical Record, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 297–304. The Mineralogical Record Tables of Contents

Amthauer G., Kurta, W., Rost, F., Schloemer, H. (1974). Chemismus und Genese des Andradits aus dem Serpentinit des Val Malenco (Bernina-Gebiet/Oberitalien). Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, Vol. 54, pp. 691-706 (in German).

Amthauer, G., Katz-Lehnert, K., Dominique Lattard, D., Okrusch, M., Woermann, E. (1989). Crystal chemistry of natural Mn³⁺-bearing calderite-andradite garnets from Otjosondu, SWA/Namibia. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Vol. 189, Issue 1-2 (August), pp. 43-56. abstract

Amthauer, G. & Rossman, G.R. (1998). The hydrous component in andradite garnet. American Mineralogist, Vol. 83, No. 7-8, pp. 835–840. abstract American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Badar, M.A., Niaz, S., Hussain, S. & Akizuki, M. (2013). Lamellar texture and optical anomaly in andradite from the Kamaishi mine, Japan. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 53-60. abstract

Bedogné, F. & Pagano, R. (1972). Mineral collecting in Val Malenco. The Mineralogical Record, Vol. 3, pp. 120–123. The Mineralogical Record Tables of Contents

Bedogné F., Maurizio, R., Montrasio, A. & Sciesa, E. (1995). I Minerali della Provincia di Sondrio e della Bregaglia Grigionese - Val Bregaglia, Val Masino, Val Codera e Valle Spluga. Bettini, Sondrio, Italy, 300 p. ISBN A000131148 (in Italian).

Bedogné F., Sciesa E. & Vignola P. (1999). Il “demantoide” della Val Malenco. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 207–217 (in Italian).

Bocchio, R., Adamo, I. & Diella, V. (2010). The profile of trace elements, including the REE, in gem-quality green andradite from classic localities. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 48, No. 5 (October), pp. 1205-1216. abstract

Chatagnier, P.-Y. (2012). Le traitement thermique de l'andradite. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes, 77 p. (in French). Also in Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 180, pp. 12-18 (in French). Published on www.gemnantes.fr

Church, A.H. (1879). On so-called green garnets, from the Urals. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp. 191-193. Mineralogical Magazine Tables of Contents

Crowningshield, G.R. (1960). Developments and Highlights at the Gem Trade Lab in New York: Cat's-eye Demantoid. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Fall), p. 92.

Danet, F. (2009). Gem News International: New discovery of demantoid from Ambanja, Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 218–219.

DiGhionno, D., McClure, S.F. & Fritsch, E. (Eds.) (1997). Gem news international: Demantoid garnets from Russia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Fall), p. 222.

Douman, M. & Dirlam, D. (2004). Gem News International: Update on demantoid and demantoid cat's eye from Iran. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 67-68.

Eddins, C. (2010). Significance of Horsetail Inclusions in Demantoid Garnet, published April 24^th 2010.

Federman, D. (2003). Gem Profile: Namibian demantoid garnet. Modern Jeweler, Vol. 102, No. 2, pp. 35-36.

Federman, D. (2006). Gem profile: Iridescent andradite. Modern Jeweler, Vol. 105, No. 7, pp. 37-38.

Furuya, M. (2007). Il granato demantoide - la leggendaria gemma risvegliata da un sonno lungo un secolo. Rivista Gemmologica Italiana, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 43–55 (in Italian).

Genis, R. (2003). Demantoid garnet. Rapaport Diamond Report, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 143, 145-146.

Gill, J.O. (1978). Demantoid - The Complete Story. The Lapidary Journal, Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 1542-1545.

Hughes, R.W. (2003). Demantoid Garnet Buying Guide, published February 2003 in The Gem Spectrum, Vol. 7 on www.palagems.com

Hoskin, P.W.O., Grapes, R.H., Catchpole, H. & Klaudius, J. (2003). Horse-tail inclusions in demantoid from Val Malenco, Italy. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 333–336.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (1998). Gem News: Andradite from Yemen. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Fall), p. 220.

Karampelas, S., Gaillou, E. & Fritsch, E. (2007). Les grenats andradites - démantoides d'Iran: zonage de couleur et inclusions. Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 160, pp. 14-19.

Keankeo, W. & Hermann, J. (2002). The oscillatory intergrowth of feldspars in titanian andradite, Little Dromedary, NSW, Australia. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 379-388. abstract

Kingma, T. & Downs, G. (1989). Crystal-structure analysis of a birefringent andradite. American Mineralogist, Vol. 74, pp. 1307-1316. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C. & Fritsch, E. (Eds.) (1994). Gem News: Demantoid garnet from Mexico. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Fall), p. 194.

Korchevskaya, Y. (2006). Russian demantoid: this gem has a colorful history. Rock & Gem, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 12-15.

Krzemnicki, M.S. (1999). Diopside Needles as Inclusions in Demandtoid Garnet from Russia: A Raman Microspectrometric Study. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 192-195.

Larson, W. (2003). A Visit to Russia’s Demantoid Mines, published February 2003 in The Gem Spectrum, Vol. 7 on www.palagems.com

Lind, T., Henn, U. & Bank, H. (1998). New occurrence of demantoid from Namibia. Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 75–79.

Liu, S.I. (2010). Demantoid garnet cat's eye from Iran and Russia. Journal of the Gemmological Association of Hong Kong, Vol. 31, pp. 74-78.

Manning, P.G. & Harris, D.C. (1970). Optical-absorption and electronmicroprobe studies of some high-Ti andradites. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 10, Part 2, pp. 260-271. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Mattice, G. (1998). Demantoid - From the Ural Mountains of Russia, published January 1998 in The Gem Spectrum, Vol. 4, No. 1 on www.palagems.com

Mattice, G. (2003). The Reds have the Greens, published February 2003 in The Gem Spectrum, Vol. 7 on www.palagems.com

Milisenda, C.C. & Wehr, K. (2009). Demantoid garnet from Madagascar. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 52, No. 3/4, pp. 80-81.

Misiorowski, E. & Hays, N. (1993). Jewels of the Edwardians. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 152-171.

Montrasio A., Trommsdorff V., Hermann V., Müntener O. & Spillmann P. (2005). Carta geologica della Valmalenco. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, Vol. 85, No. 1, map supplement.

Mocquet, B., Lulzac, Y. & Rondeau, B. (2009a). Nouveau gisement de andradite démantoïde à Madagascar, published on www.gemnantes.fr (in French).

Mocquet, B., Lulzac, Y., Rondeau, B., Fritsch, E., Le Quéré, J., Mohamady, B., Crenn, G., Lamiraud, C. & Scalie, S. (2009b). Ambanja, premier gisement d’andradite démantoïde gemme à Madagascar. Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 169, pp. 4–8 OR 6-10 (in French).

Payne, T. (1981). The andradites of San Benito County, California. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 157-160.

Pearl, R.M. (1939). The Gems of Colorado. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 39-40.

Pearl, R.M. (1939). The Gems of Colorado. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 59-60.

Pezzotta, F. (2009). Demantoide e topazolite: Nuovo ritrovamento in Madagascar. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 198-xxx (in Italian).

Pezzotta, F. (2010a). Andradite from Antetezambato, north Madagascar. The Mineralogical Record, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 209–229. The Mineralogical Record Tables of Contents

Pezzotta, F. (2010b). Demantoid und Topazolith aus Antetezambato, Nordmadagaskar. Lapis, Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 31–39 (in German).

Pezzotta, F., Adamo, I. & Diella, V. (2011). Demantoid and Topazolite from Antetezambato, Northern Madagascar: Review and New Data. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 2-14.

Phillips, W.R. & Talantsev, A.S. (1996). Russian Demantoid, Tsar of the Garnet Family. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 100-111.

Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P. & Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta, Associazione Amici del Museo 'F. Eusebio', Alba, Italy, 607 p (in Italian).

Praszkier, T. (2010). Demantoid garnet find in Madagascar. The Vug, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 45-47. Also visit mineralmagazine.com

Praszkier, T. & Gajowniczek, J. (2010). Demantoide aus Antetezambato auf Madagascar. Mineralien Welt, Vol. 21, pp. 32–41 (in German).

Prine, J. (2005). 'Rainbow' andradite garnet. Jewelers' Circular-Keystone, Vol. 176, No. 7, p. 52.

Quareni, S. & De Pieri, R. (1966). La struttura dell’andradite. Atti Memorie Accademia Patavina Scienze Lettere Arti, Vol. 78, pp. 151–170 (in Italian).

Razafindramiadana, L. (2009). Un gisement de démantoïde à Ambanja. L'Express de Madagascar, Antananarivo, No. 4327, published June 6^th 2009 (in French).

Robertson, S.M. (2003). Gem Market News: Russian demantoid garnet. The Guide, Vol. 22, No. 5, p. 13.

Rondeau, B., Fritsch, E., Mocquet, B. & Lulzac, Y. (2009a). Ambanja (Madagascar) - A new source of gem demantoid garnet. InColor Magazine, No. 11 (Summer), pp. 22–24.

Rondeau, B., Mocquet, B., Lulzac, Y. & Fritsch, E. (2009b). Les nouveaux grenats démantoïdes d’Ambanja, Province d’Antsiranana, Madagascar. Le Règne Minéral, Vol. 90, pp. 41–46 (in French).

Roskin, G. (2003). Jewel of the month: demantoid andradite garnet. Jewelers' Circular-Keystone, Vol. 174, No. 2, pp. 71-72.

Schmetzer, K. & Karampelas, S. (2009). Demantoid from a new source. Gems & Jewellery, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 10–12.

Serov, R., Shelementiev, Y. & Serova, A. (2015). Russian demantoid color origin In: Proceedings: 34^th International Gemmological Conference IGC, Vilnius, Lithuania, 26-30 August 2015, pp. 89-92. The entire publication is available on www.igc-gemmology.net

Stephenson, J. & Kouznetsov, N. (2009). Major deposits of demantoid around the world. InColor Magazine, No. 11, pp. 16–20.

Samsonov, J.P. & Turingue, A.P. (1985). Gems of the U.S.S.R. Nedra, Moscow, 335 p. (in Russian with English photo captions)

Sigismund, P. (1948). Granato e vesuvianite di Val Malenco. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali, Vol. 87, pp. 145–171 (in Italian).

Smolle, G. (2009). Reisebericht über den neuen Fundort für Demantoide in Madagaskar. Kurzinfo Österreichische Gemmologische Gesellschaft, No. 25, pp. 3-4 (in German).

Stockton, C.M. & Manson, D.V. (1983). Gem andradite garnets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No, 4 (Winter), pp. 202-208.

Trommsdorff, V., Montrasio, A., Hermann, J., Müntener, O., Spillmann, P. & Gieré, R. (2005). The geological map of Valmalenco. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 1–13.

Zboikov, V. (2007). World market for gem-grade stones: alexandrite, demantoid, and tanzanite. Russian Diamonds & Jewellery, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 14-15.

Grossular | Grandite

Akizuki, M. (1984). Origin of optical variations in grossular-andradite garnet. American Mineralogist, Vol. 69, No. 3-4, pp. 328-338. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Akizuki, M., Nakai, H. & Suzuki, T. (1984). Origin of iridescence in grandite garnet. American Mineralogist, Vol. 69, No. 9-10, pp. 896-901. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Amthauer, G. (1975). Zur Kristallchemie und Farbe grüner und brauner Grossulare aus Tansania. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 24, pp. 61–72 (in German).

Anderson, B.W. (1966). Transparent green grossular - a new gem variety; together with observations on translucent grossular and idocrase. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 113-119.

Bank, H., Berdesinski, W. & Ottemann, J. (1970). Durchsichtiger smaragdgrüner Grossular aus Tanzania. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 19, pp. 4–7.

Beaton, D. (2009). Gem news international: Yellow grossular from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 299-300.

Bosenick, A., Geiger, C. A,, Schaller, T. & Sebald, A. (1995). A ²⁹Si MAS NMR and IR spectroscopic investigation of synthetic pyrope-grossular garnet solid solutions. American Mineralogist, Vol. 80, No. 3-4, pp. 691-704. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Brightman, R. (1995). A new variety of grossular garnet with extended gemmological constants. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 19-22.

Burns, R.L. (1973). A member of the ugrandite garnet series found in Western Australia. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 19-20.

DeLandero, C.E. (1891). On pink grossularite from Mexico. American Journal of Science, Series 3, Vol. 41, pp. 321-323.

Dódony, I., Lovas, G.A., Soós, M. (1994). XRD and TEM Study of the Anisotropy of an Anomalous Grandite Garnet from Recsk, Mátra Mts. (N-Hungary). In: Delhez, R. & Mittemeijer, E.J. (Eds.) Materials Science Forum: European Powder Diffraction 3, Vols. 166-169, pp. 637-642.

Dunn, P.J. (1978). On the composition of some Canadian green garnets. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 16, pp. 205-206. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Geiger, C.A., Stahl, A., Rossman, G.R. (1999). Raspberry-red grossular from Sierra de Cruces Range, Coahuila, Mexico. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 11, pp. 1109-1113.

Hariya, Y. & Nakano, S. (1972). Experimental Study of the Solid Solution between the Grossular-Almandine Series. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series 4, Geology and mineralogy, Vol. 15, No. 1-2, pp. 173-178.

Henn, U., Bank, H. & Milisenda, C.C. (1994). Gemmologische Kurzinformationen: Grossular-Andradit Mischkristalle aus Mali. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 43, No. 3-4, p. 105 (in German).

Hirai, H. & Nakazawa, H. (1986). Grandite garnet from Nevada: Confirmation of origin of iridescence by electron microscopy and interpretation of a moire-like texture. American Mineralogist, Vol. 71, No. 1-2, pp. 123-126. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Hirai, H., Sueno, S. & Nakazawa, H. (1982). A lamellar texture with chemical contrast in grandite garnet from Nevada. American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 1242-1247.

Hurwit, K., Johnson, M.L. & Fritsch, E. (1994). Gem Trade Lab Notes: Grossular-andradite garnet from Mali. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 265-266.

Ivanova, T.I., Shtukenberg, A.G., Punin, Y.O., Frank-Kamenetskaya, O.V. & Sokolov, P.B. (1998). On the complex zonality in grandite garnets and implications. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 62, No. 6 (December), pp. 857-868. Mineralogical Magazine Tables of Contents

Jamtveit, B. (1991). Oscillatory zoning patterns in hydrothermal grossular-andradite garnet: Nonlinear dynamics in regions of immiscibility. American Mineralogist, Vol. 76, No. 7-8, pp. 1319-1327. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Jamtveit, B., Wogelius, R.A. & Fraser, D.G. (1993). Zonation patterns of skarn garnets: Records of hydrothermal system evolution. Geology, Vol. 21, pp. 113-116. abstract + references

Jamtveit, B., Ragnarsdottir, K.V. & Wood, B.J. (1995). On the origin of zoned grossular-andradite garnets in hydrothermal systems. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 1339-1410. abstract

Jang-Green, H. & Beaton, D. (2009). Gem news international: Light yellow-green grossular from Kenya. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 65-66.

Johnson, M.L., Boehm, E., Krupp, H., Zang, J.W. & Kammerling, R.C. (1995). Gem-Quality Grossular-Andradite: A New Garnet from Mali. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 152-166.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (1998). Gem News: Gem-quality grossular garnet from Mali. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Fall), p. 221-222.

Kingma, T. & Downs, G. (1989). Crystal-structure analysis of a birefringent andradite. American Mineralogist, Vol. 74, pp. 1307-1316. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Laurs, B.M. (2011). Gem news international: New find of green grossular at Merelani, Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Spring), p. 57.

Murad, E. (1976). Zoned, birefringent garnets from Thera Island, Santorini Group (Aegean Sea). Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 40, pp. 715-719. Mineralogical Magazine Tables of Contents

Moench, R.H. & Meyrowitz, R. (1964). Goldmanite, a vanadium garnet from Laguna, New Mexico. American Mineralogist, Vol. 49, No. 5-6, pp. 644-655. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Lind, T. & Bank, H. (1994). Neues Vorkommen von transparenten grunen, gelben und braunen Granaten (Grossularen) in Mali. Schweitzerische Uhrmacher und Goldschmiede Zeitung, No. 12, p. 122.

Lind T., Bank, H. & Henn, U. (1995). Schleifwürdige Granate (Grossulare) von einem neuen Vorkommen in Mali. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp, 17-24.

Manson, D.V. & Stockton, C.M. (1982). Gem-quality grossular garnets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 204-213.

McAloon, B.P. & Hofmeister, A.M. (1993). Single-crystal absorption and reflection infrared spectra of birefringent grossular-andradite garnets. American Mineralogist, Vol. 78, No. 9-10, pp. 957-967.
American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Parthasarathy, G., Balaram, V. & Srinivasan, R. (1999). Characterization of green garnets from an Archean calc-silicate rock, Bandihalli, Karnataka, India: evidence for a continuous solid solution between uvarovite and grandite. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 3 (July), pp. 345-352. abstract

Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P. & Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta, Associazione Amici del Museo 'F. Eusebio', Alba, Italy, 607 p (in Italian).

Rossman, G.R. & Aines, R.D. (1986). Spectroscopy of a birefringent grossular from Asbestos, Quebec, Canada. American Mineralogist, Vol. 71, No. 5-6, pp. 779-780. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Schmetzer, K.. & Bank, H.. (1982). Gelbgruner Grossular aus Ostafrika. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 31, No. 112, pp. 81-84.

Sóos, M., Jánosi, M., Dódony, I. & Lovas, G. (1991). Anomalous grandite garnet from Recsk, Mátra Mts. (N-Hungary). Part 1. Chemical composition, optical and diffraction properties. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, Vol. 1991, No. 2, pp. 76-86.

Takeuchi, Y., Haga, N., Umizu, S. & Sato, G. (1982). The derivate structure of silicate garnets in Grandite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Vol. 158, pp. 53-99.

Zang, J. (1994). Neue Grossulare aus Dionboko/Mali. Lapis, Vol. 19, No. 10, pp. 45-46.

Malaya

Curtis, C.M. (1980). “Malaya” lady of the evening. The Lapidary Journal, Vol. 33, No. 11, pp. 2348–2349.

Schmetzer, K. (1982). An unusual garnet from Umba Valley, Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 18, pp. 194-200.

Schmetzer, K., Hainschwang, T., Kiefert, L. & Bernhardt, H.-J. (2001). Pink to Pinkish Orange Malaya Garnets from Bekily, Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 296–308.

Wise, R.W. (2003). Secrets of the Gem Trade - The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones. Brunswick House Press, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA, 274 p. ISBN 0-9728223-9-9. www.secretsofthegemtrade.com

Wise, R.W. (2005). Luck Be A Lady Tonight – The Discovery of Malaya Garnet, published on www.rwwise.com

Pastel Pyrope (Italy)

Chopin, C. (1984). Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the Western Alps: A first record and some consequences. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 86, Issue 2 (May), pp. 107–118. abstract + references

Franchi, S. (1900). Sopra alcuni giacimenti di roccie giadeitiche nelle Alpi occidentali e nell’Appennino ligure. Bollettino Regio Comitato Geologico Italiano, Vol. 4, pp. 119–158 (in Italian).

Guastoni, A., Pezzotta, F., Superchi, M. & Demartin, F. (2001). Pyrope from the Dora Maira massif, Italy. Gems and Gemology, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 198-204.

Rossman, G.R., Beran, A. & Langer, K. (1989). The hydrous component of pyrope from the Dora Maira Massif, Western Alps. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 1, No. 1 (February), pp. 151–154. abstract

Schert, H.P. & Medenbach, O. (1994). Coesit-führender-Pyrop-Quarzit, ein spektakuläres Gestein aus dem Dora-Maira-Massiv in den Westalpen. Mineralien Welt, No. 1, pp. 14–16 (in German).

Stella, A. (1895); Sul rilevamento geologico eseguito nel 1894 in Valle Varaita (Alpi Cozie). Bollettino Regio Comitato Geologico Italiano, Vol. 26, pp. 283–313 (in Italian).

Stockton, C.M. (1988). Pastel pyropes. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 104–106.

Vialon, P. (1966). Etude Géologique du Massif Cristallin Dora Maira, Alpes Cottiennes Internes, Italie. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Grenoble, 282 p., 11 p. bibliography, 4 maps (in French).

Pyrope

Blodgett, T., Fritz, E., Simmons, W.B. & Falster, A.U. (2007). Gem news international: Pyrope almandine from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 172-173.

Fiala, J. (1965). Pyrope of some garnet peridotites of the Czech massif. Krystalinikum, Vol. 3, pp. 55–74.

Kopecký, L. & Sattran, V.(1962). On the genesis of pyrope in the Czech Mittelgebirge. Vestn. Ustred. Ustravu Geol, Vol. 37, pp. 269-283.

Meyer, H.O.A. (1968). Chrome pyrope: an inclusion in natural diamond. Science, Vol. 160, No. 3835 (June), pp. 1446–1447. abstract

Reid, A.M. & Hanor, J.S. (1970). Pyrope in kimberlite. American Mineralogist, Vol. 55, pp. 1374-1379. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Pyralspite | Colour-Change Garnet

Beaton, D.(2009). Gem News International: Color-change pyrope-spessartine from Kenya. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 223–224.

Carstens, H. (1973). The red-green change in chromium-bearing garnets. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 41, Issue 3 (August), pp. 273-276. abstract + references

Cornejo, C. & Bartorelli, A. (2009). Garnets of the pyralspite series In: Minerals & Precious Stones of Brazil, pp. 408-410. Solaris Cultural Publications, São Paulo, Brazil, 704 p. ISBN 978-85-89820-08-0.

Crowningshield, R.. (1970). A rare alexandrite garnet from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 13, No. 6 (Summer), pp. 174–177.

DiGhionno, D., Kammerling, R.C. & McClure, S.F. (Eds.) (1996). Gem news international: Color-change garnet. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring), p. 53.

Dirlam, D.M., Misiorowski, E.B. & Tozer, R., Stark, K.B. & Bassett, A.M. (1992). Gem wealth of Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 80–102.

Genis, R. (2002). African color-change garnet. Rapaport Diamond Report, Vol. 25, No. 38, pp. 123-124.

Gübelin, E.J. (1981). Einschlüsse im Granat aus dem Umba-Tal. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 30, No. 3-4, pp. 182–194 (in German).

Gübelin, E. & Schmetzer, K. (1982). Gemstones with Alexandrite Effect. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 197-203.

Halvorsen, A. (2006). The Usambara effect and its interaction with other color change phenomena. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 30, No. 1-2, pp. 1–21.

Halvorsen, A. & Jensen, B.B. (1997). A new color change effect. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 325–330.

Hänni, H.A. (1983). Weitere Untersuchungen an einigen Farbwechselnden Edelsteinen. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 32, No. 2-3, pp. 99-106 (in German).

Jobbins, E.A., Saul, J.M., Tresham, A.E. & Young, B.R. (1975). Blue color-change gem garnet from East Africa. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 201–208.

Jobbins, E.A., Saul, J.M., Statham, P.M. & Young, B.R. (1978). Studies of a gem garnet suite from Umba river Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 161-171.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (Eds.) (1996a). Gem news: Color-change garnet. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring), p. 53.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (Eds.) (1996b). Gem news: A second Sri Lankan locality for color-change garnet. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 285–286.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (Eds.) (1998a). Gem news: “Almost blue” Sri Lankan color-change garnets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 138–140.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (Eds.) (1998b). Gem News: Pyrope-spessartine garnet from Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Fall), p. 222-223.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (Eds.) (1998b). Gem news: Color-change pyrope-spessartine garnet, also from Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 222–223.

Keller, P.C. (1992). Gemstones of East Africa, Geoscience Press, Phoenix, AZ, USA, 144 p. ISBN 978-0945005087.

Koivula, J.I. & Kammerling, R.C. (Eds.) (1988). Gem news: Change-of color garnets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 176–177.

Krzemnicki, M.S., Hanni, H. & Reusser, E. (2001). Colour change garnets from Madagascar: Comparison of colorimetric with chemical data. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 395–408. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Liu, Y., Shigley, J.E., Fritsch, E. & Hemphill, S. (1994). The 'Alexandrite effect' in gemstones. Color and Research Application, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 186-191.

Liu, Y., Shigley, J.E., Fritsch, E. & Hemphill, S. (1999a). Colorimetric study of the alexandrite effect in gemstones. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 371–385.

Liu, Y., Shigley, J.E. & Halvorsen, A. (1999b). Colour hue change of a gem tourmaline from the Umba Valley, Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 386–396.

Manson, D.V. & Stockton, C.M. (1984). Pyrope-spessartine garnets with unusual color behavior. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 200–207.

Pay, D. (2015). Gem News International: Color-change garnets from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 88–89. Also published on www.gia.edu

Schmetzer, K. (1982). Ein ungewönlicher Granat aus dem Umba Tal. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 31, No. x, pp. xxx-xxx (in German).

Schmetzer, K., Bank, H. & Gübelin, E. (1980). The alexandrite effect in minerals: Chrysoberyl, garnet, corundum, fluorite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 138, No. 2, pp. 147–164.

Schmetzer, K. & Bernhardt, H.-J. (1999). Garnets from Madagascar with a color change of blue-green to purple. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 196–201.

Schmetzer, K., Bernhardt, H.-J., Bosshart, G. & Hainschwang, T. (2009). Colour-change garnets from Madagascar: variation of chemical, spectroscopic and colorimetric properties. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 31, No. 5-8, pp. 235-282.

Shah, R. (2009). Color-change garnet from Kenya, published May 9^th 2009 on www.palagems.com

Stockton, C.M. (1982). Two notable color-change garnets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 100–101.

Stockton, C.M. & Manson, D.V. (1985). Editorial forum: Unusual color-change garnet. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 116–117.

Thirangoon, K. (2010). Gem News International: Garnet and zircon from the Solomon Islands. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 66-67.

Pardieu, V., Soubiraa & Rogers, M. (2007). The "Manoa" Color change garnet mine, Taita Hills, Tsavo, Kenya on www.fieldgemology.org

Quinn, E.P. & Muhlmeister, S. (2005). Gem News International: “Color-change” glass update. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 364–365.

White, W.B., Roy, R. & McKay Crichton, J. (1967). The “Alexandrite effect”: an optical study. American Mineralogist, Vol. 52, pp. 867–871. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Wise, R.W. (Not dated; Retrieved January 29^th 2013). Madagascar Blue Color-Change Garnet, published on www.secretsofthegemtrade.com seems currently unavailable.

Zylberman, N. (1999). Un nouveau grenat pyrope-spessartine malgache à changement de couleur. Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 138/139, pp. 72–73 (in French).

Rhodolite

Federman, D. (2007). Gem profile: Tanzanian rhodolite. Modern Jeweler, Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 39-40.

Hidden, W.E. & Pratt, J.H. (1898). On rhodolite, a new variety of garnet. American Journal of Science, Vol. 5, pp. 294-296.

Lind, T., Henn, U. & Milisenda, C.C. (1998). Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Rhodolithen verschiedener Provenienz. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 53–59 (in German).

Spessartine | Spessartite

Anonymous (2005). Gems: mandarin garnets. Idex Magazine, Vol. 20, No. 177, p. 69, 71.

Agheem, M.H., Shah, M.T., Khan, T., Arif, M. & Laghari, A. (2010). Mineralogical studies of the gemstones-bearing pegmatites of the Shigar valley, Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, Vol. 43, p. 1.

Anderson B.W. (1961). Letter to the editor: Spessartine garnets. The Gemmologist, Vol. 30, No. 359, pp. 108–109.

Arredondo, E.H., Rossman, G.R. & Lumpkin, G.R. (2001). Hydrogen in spessartine-almandine garnets as a tracer of granitic pegmatite evolution. American Mineralogist, Vol. 86, pp. 485-490. abstract

Baldwin, J.R. & von Knorring, O.V. (1983). Compositional range of Mn-garnet in zoned granitic pegmatites. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 21, pp. 683–688. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Bank, H., Berdesinski, W. & Ottemann, J. (1970). Orangeroter Spessartin aus Brasilien. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 19, No. 3/4, pp. 123–127 (in German).

Bank, H., Henn, U. & Milisenda, C.C. (1996). Gemmological News: Spessartite garnet from Namibia. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 45, No. 2, p. 43 (in German).

Bank, H., Henn, U. & Milisenda, C.C. (1998). Gemmological News: Garnets from Mozambique. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 47, No. 2, p. 61 (in German).

Bonnet, M. (2006). Le grenat spessartine. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes (in French).

Cassedanne, J.-P. & Cassedanne, J.-O. (1977a). Les grenates de Poaia / Brésil. Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 52, pp. 2–4.

Cassedanne, J.-P. & Cassedanne, J.-O. (1977b). Les grenates de Poço dos Cavalos (Ceará–Brésil). Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 62, pp. 5–8 (in French).

Cornejo, C. & Bartorelli, A. (2009). Spessartine In: Minerals & Precious Stones of Brazil, pp. 411-413. Solaris Cultural Publications, São Paulo, Brazil, 704 p. ISBN 978-85-89820-08-0.

Cornejo, C. & Bartorelli, A. (2009). The mine of Pedro Bonita In: Minerals & Precious Stones of Brazil, pp. 414-415. Solaris Cultural Publications, São Paulo, Brazil, 704 p. ISBN 978-85-89820-08-0.

Federman, D. (1994). Gem profile—Mandarin garnet: Great balls of fire. Modern Jeweler, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 39–40.

Ferreira, A.C.M., Ferreira, J.A.M. & Tavares, E.J. (2000). As espessartitas do Alto Mirador, Rio Grande do Norte. I Sympósio Brasileiro de Tratamento e Caracterização de Gemas, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, p. 28 (in Portuguese).

Foord, E.E., Starkey, H.C. & Taggart, J.E., Jr. (1986). Mineralogy and paragenesis of "pocket" clays and associated minerals in complex granitic pegmatites, San Diego County, California. American Mineralogist, Vol. 71, pp. 428-439. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Foord, E.E., Spaulding, L.B., Mason, R.A. & Martin, R.F. (1989). Mineralogy and paragenesis of the Little Three mine pegmatites, Ramona district, San Diego County, California. The Mineralogical Record, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 101–127.

Foord, E.E., London, D., Kampf, A.R., Shigley, J.E. & Snee, L.W. (1991). Gem-bearing pegmatites of San Diego County, California. In: Walawender, M.J. & Hanan, B.B. (Eds.) Geological Excursions in Southern California and Mexico, field trip guidebook of the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, San Diego, California, October 21–24, 20 p.

Foord, E.E. & Kleck, W.D. (1993). Garnets in the gem-bearing pegmatite dikes of San Diego County, California. The Mineralogical Record, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 66–67. The Mineralogical Record Tables of Contents

Genis, R. (2003). Mandarin orange garnet. Rapaport Diamond Report, Vol. 26, No. 6, p. 129, 131.

Henn, U. (1996). Spessartites from Pakistan. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 93–94.

Henricus, J. (2000). Spessartite garnet gains market acceptance. Jewellery News Asia, No. 191, pp. 58, 60, 62.

Jahns, R.H. & Wright, L.A. (1951). Gem- and lithium-bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California. Special report, State of California, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mines, 7-A, 72 p.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (Eds.) (1996a). Gem News: Update on Namibian spessartine. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 56–57.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (Eds.) (1996b). Gem News: Spessartine from Pakistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 218–219.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (Eds.) (1999). Gem News: New finds of spessartine in Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Spring), p. 55.

Johnson, M.L., Koivula, J.I., McClure, S.F. & DeGhionno, D. (Eds.) (1999). Gem News: Spessartine from Zambia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter), p. 217.

Kammerling, R.C., Koivula, J.I. & Fritsch, E. (Eds.) (1995). Gem News: Spessartine garnet from Namibia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Summer), p. 134.

Koivula, J.I. & Kammerling, R.C. (Eds.) (1988). Gem News: Garnet. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 57–58.

Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C. & Fritsch, E. (Eds.) (1993). Gem News: Spessartine garnet from Africa. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 61–62.

Laurs, B. & Knox, K. (2001). Spessartine garnet from Ramona, San Diego County, California. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 278–295.

Liddicoat, R.T., Jr. (1970). Developments and Highlights at GIA’s Lab in Los Angeles: Unusual spessartite garnet. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 13, No. 6 (Summer), p. 189.

Lind, T. & Henn, U. (2000). A new find of spessartine garnets in Nigeria. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 129–132.

Lind, T., Bank, H. & Henn, U. (1993). Spessartine aus Namibia. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, Vol. 1993, No. 12, pp. 569–576 (in German).

Lind, T., Henn, U. & Bank, H. (1994). Leuchtend orangefarbige Spessartine aus einem neuen Vorkommen in Namibia. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 43, No. 1/2, pp. 39–47 (in German).

Medenbach, V.O., Schmetzer, K. & Krupp, H. (1978). Spessartin aus den Taita Hills, Kenia. Der Aufschluss, Vol. 29, pp. 275–276 (in German).

Milisenda, C.C. & Zang, J. (1999). Spessartine aus Nigeria. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 223–226 (in German).

Milisenda, C.C., Lind, T. & Henn, U. (2010). Spessartine garnet: from collector stone to topseller. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 59, No. 1-2, p. 3 (in German).

Noor, D.M. (1984). Rare gemstones of Sri Lanka. The Lapidary Journal, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 238–240.

Ottens, B. (2003). Prächtiger Spessartin-Granat aus den Pegmatiten von Fujian, China. Lapis, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 13-20 (in German).

Ottens, B. (2005). Tongbei. Spessartine localities, Fujian Province, China. The Mineralogical Record, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 35-43. The Mineralogical Record Tables of Contents

Ottens, B. (2008). Tongbei In: China: Mineralien-Fundstellen-Lagerstätten, pp. 374-383. Christian Weise Verlag, München, 552 p. ISBN 978-3921656747 (in German).

Pough, F.H. (1965). Rare faceting minerals—Garnets. The Lapidary Journal, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 564–568.

Rossman, G.R., Rauch, F., Livi, R., Tombrello, T.A., Shi, C.R. & Zhou, Z.Y. (1988). Nuclear reaction analysis of hydrogen in almandine, pyrope, and spessartite garnets. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie Monatshefte, No. 4, pp. 172–178. abstract

Prine, J. (2010). Gems that inspire: Mandarin garnet. Watch & Jewelry Review, Vol. 77, No. 9, pp. 20-21.

Saul, J.M., Jobbins, E.A., Statham, P.M. & Young, B.R. (1978). Un essai d’établissement d’une échelle de couleurs pour des grenats de la vallée de l’Umba, Tanzanie. Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 59, p. 9 (in French).

Schmetzer, K. & Bank, H. (1981a). Garnets from Umba Valley, Tanzania—Members of the solid solution series pyrope-spessartine. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, No. 8, pp. 349–354 (in German).

Schmetzer, K. & Bank, H. (1981b). Garnets from Umba valley, Tanzania: Is there a necessity for a new name? The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 522–527.

Simpson, D.E. (1960). Geology of the Ramona Pegmatites, San Diego County, California. Ph.D. dissertation, California Institute of Technology, 197 p. Also published on CalTech Thesis Library

Sinkankas, J. (1957). Recent gem mining at Ramona—San Diego County, California. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 367–373.

Sinkankas, J. (1959). Gemstones of North America, Vol. 1, pp. 287–289. 3 Vols. Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, New York, U.S.A. ISBN 9780442076139.

Sinkankas, J. & Reid, A. (1966). Colour-composition relationship in spessartine from Amelia, Virginia. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 125–134.

Sinkankas, J. (1967). Notes on some minerals from San Diego County, California. Gems and Minerals, No. 363, pp. 34–35.

Sinkankas, J. (1968). Classic mineral occurrences: I. Geology and mineralogy of the Rutherford pegmatites, Amelia, Virginia. American Mineralogist, Vol. 53, pp. 373–405. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Stern, L.A., Brown, G.E., Jr., Bird, D.K., Jahns, R.H., Foord, E.E., Shigley, J.E. & Spaulding, L.B., Jr. (1986). Mineralogy and geochemical evolution of the Little Three pegmatite-aplite layered intrusive, Ramona, California. American Mineralogist, Vol. 71, pp. 406–427.

Stockton, C.M. & Manson, D.V. (1982). Gem garnets: the orange to red-orange color range In: Eash, D.M. (Ed.) International Gemological Symposium - Proceedings 1982, pp. 327-338. GIA, Santa Monica, CA, USA, 567 p. ISBN 978-0873110112.

Taylor, L.S. (1998). Trace Element Chemistry of Pegmatitic Garnets. M.Sc. dissertation, University of New Orleans, LA.

Tisdall, F.S.H. (1962). Similar constants but different colour. Spessartines from Madagascar. The Gemmologist, Vol. 31, No. 372, pp. 124–125.

Tisdall, F.S.H. (1962). Spessartites from Madagascar. The Gemmologist, Vol. 31, No. 372, pp. 124–125.

Tucker, W.B. (1925). San Diego County. In: Mining in California: 21^st Report of the State Mineralogist, pp. 328–382.

Tucker, W.B. & Reed, C.H. (1939). Mineral resources of San Diego County, California. California Journal of Mines and Geology, Quarterly Chapter of State Mineralogist’s Report, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 8–55.

von Knorring, O. & Baldwin, J.R. (1969). The geochemistry of spessartine garnets from African pegmatites. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Research Institute of African Geology, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, England, pp. 32–34.

Ware, J.W. (1935). Gem Mining in San Diego County, California. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 1, No. 8 (March-April), pp. 218-219.

Weber, F.H., Jr. (1963). Geology and Mineral Resources of San Diego County, California. California Department of Mines and Geology, County Report 3, 309 pp. (Gem Minerals, pp. 79–115).

White, J.S. (2009). Spessartine from the Navegadora mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rocks & Minerals, Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 42-45.

Wise, R.W. (2003). Secrets of the Gem Trade - The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones. Brunswick House Press, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA, 274 p. ISBN 0-9728223-9-9. www.secretsofthegemtrade.com

Zang, J., Schoder, K. & Luhn, M. (1999). Gem News: Spessartine from Nigeria. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter), p. 216.

Tsavorite | Tsavolite

Adamo, I, Diella, V. & Pezzotta, F. (2012). Tsavorite and other grossulars from Itrafo, Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 178-187.

Amstutz, G.C. & Bank, H. (1977) Geologishe, petrographische und mineralogishe Beobachtungen in einigen Minen von Smaragd, Tanzanit, Tsavorit und Rubin in Tansania und Kenya. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 26, pp. 118–127 (in German).

Amthauer, G. (1976). Kristallchemie und Farbe Chrom-haltiger Granate. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 126, No. 2, pp. 158–186 (in German).

Anderson, B.W. (1966). Transparent green grossular — a new gem variety; together with observations on translucent grossular and idocrase The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 4, pp. 113-119.

Bancroft, P. (Not dated; Retrieved January 4^th 2014). Tsavorite - Lualenyi Mine, Voi, Kenya In: Gem & Crystal Treasures, Western Enterprises, 488 p. ISBN 978-0961346119.
Also published on www.palagems.com Visit the Bancroft Mineral Collection

Bank, H. (1975). Grüne chrom-und vanadiumhaltige Granate (grossulare) aus Kenya: Tsavolith-Möglichkeit einer neuen Benennung? Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 24, pp. 13–15 (in German).

Bank, H., Schmetzer, K. & Probst, S. (1979). Vanadium Grossulare mit hoher Lichtbrechung (über 1.750). Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 28, pp. 70–72 (in German).

Benkerrou, C. & Fonteilles, M. (1989). Vanadium garnets in calcareous metapeliles and skarns at Coat-an-Noz, Belle-Isle-en-Terre (Côtes du Nord), France. American Mineralogist, Vol. 74, pp. 852-858.
American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Breit, G.N.& Wanty, R.B. (1991). Vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks: a review of geochemical controls during deposition and diagenesis. Chemical Geology, Vol. 91, Issue 2, pp. 83-97. abstract

Bridges, C.R. (1974). Green grossularite garnets (tsavorites) in East Africa. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 14, No. 10 (Summer), pp. 290–295.

Bridges, C.R. (1982). Gemstones of East Africa In: Eash, D.M. (Ed.) International Gemological Symposium - Proceedings 1982, pp. 266-275. GIA, Santa Monica, CA, USA, 567 p. ISBN 978-0873110112.

Bridges, C. (2007). Le grenat vert tsavorite: Presentation et debat. Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 161 (Septembre) , pp.4-7 (in French).

Bridges, C.R. (2007). My road to the discovery of tsavorite. InColor Magazine, International Colored Gemstone Association (ICA), Summer 2007, pp. 22–24.

Dirlam, D.M., Misiorowski, E.B. & Tozer, R., Stark, K.B. & Bassett, A.M. (1992). Gem wealth of Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 80–102.

Drucker, R.B. (2007). Gem Market News: Largest tsavorite found. The Guide, Vol. 26, No. 2, p. 15.

Feneyrol, J. 2012. Pétrologie, géochimie et genèse des gisements de tsavorite associés aux gneiss et roches calco-silicatées graphiteux de Lemshuku et Namalulu (Tanzanie). PhD dissertation, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France, 617 p (in French). abstract

Feneyrol, J., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Martelat, J.E., Monié, P., Dubessy, J., Rollion-Bard, C., Le Goff, E., Malisa, E., Rakotondrazafy, A.F.M., Pardieu, V., Kahn, T., Ichang'i, D., Venance, E., Voarintsoa, N.R., Ranatsenho, M.M., Simonet, C., Omito, E., Nyamai, C. & Saul, M. (2013). New aspects and perspectives on tsavorite deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 53, pp. 1-25. abstract

Feneyrol, J., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Le Goff, E., Malisa, E.P.J., Saul, M., Saul, E., Saul, J.M. & Pardieu, V. (2010). Lithostratigraphic and structural controls of ‘tsavorite’ deposits at Lemshuku, Merelani area, Tanzania. Comptes Rendues Geoscience, Vol. 342, Issue 10, pp. 778-785 (in French). abstract

Feneyrol, J., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Saul, M., Saul, E. & Saul, J.M. (2010). Le district minier à ‘tsavorite’ de Lemshuku, Tanzanie. Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 172, p. 11-22 (in French).

Feneyrol, J., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Galoisy, L. & Pardieu, V. (2010). Is the V/Cr ratio a fingerprint of the geographical origin of ‘tsavorite’ in the Mozambique Belt? General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Budapest, Hungary, 2010, p. 776.

Feneyrol, J., Monié, P., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D. & Malisa, E. (2011). Panafrican ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar ages (520–505Ma) of the tsavorite deposits in the Lelatema Fold Belt (northeastern Tanzania) Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 13, EGU2011-3434, Abstract CD-ROM European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2011. abstract + references

Feneyrol, J., Ohnenstetter, D., Giuliani, G., Fallick, A.E., Rollion-Bard, C., Robert, J.L. & Malisa, E.P. (2012). Evidence of evaporites in the genesis of the vanadium grossular 'tsavorite' deposit in Namalulu, Tanzania. The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 745-769. abstract

Feneyrol, J., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Rondeau, B., Fritsch, E., Fallick, A.E., Ichang’i, D., Omito, E., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ranatsenho, M. & Lallier, F. (2014). New typology and origin of tsavorite based on trace-element chemistry. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 26, Issue 2, pp. 293-308. abstract

Filippovskaya, T.B., Shevnin, A.N. & Dubakina, L.S. (1973). Vanadium garnets and hydrogarnets from Lower Paleozoic carbon- and silica-bearing measurements of Ishimskaya Luka, northern Kazakhstan. Doklady Earth Sciences, Vol. 203, pp. 137-141.

Giuliani, G. (2010). Les gisements de tsavorite associés aux gneiss graphiteux de Tanzanie, Madagascar et du Kenya: genèse et caractérisation isotopique. Rapport Projet CESSUR, AO INSU 2010, pp. 1-10 (in French).

Giuliani, G. (2011a). Fiche d'actualité scientifique: Vers une certification du grenat vert est-africain, Fiche d'actualité scientifique No. 371, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), April 2011 (in French), published on IRD

Giuliani, G. (2011b). Towards Certification of East-African Green Garnet, published September 9^th 2011 on Science Daily

Giuliani, G., Fallick, A.E., Feneyrol, J., Ohnenstetter, D. & Pardieu, V. (2011c). ¹⁸O/¹⁶O and V/Cr ratios in gem tsavorites from the Neoproterozoic Mozambique Metamorphic Belt: a clue for their origins? Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 46, No. 7, pp. 671-676. abstract + references

Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E. & Feneyrol, J. (2011d). State of the art in the formation of high-value colored gemstones In: Gems & Gemology: Proceedings of GIA's Fifth International Gemological Symposium, May 29-30, 2011, Carlsbad, California, Vol. 47, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 108-110.

Giuliani, G. (2013). Tsavorite Deposits in Kenya: Typology and Genesis. Scientific Proposal for a Scientific Cooperation between IRD and the University of Nairobi, 22 p., published on IRD

Giuliani, G., Feneyrol, J., Ohnenstetter, D., Marshall, D., Walton, L., Martelat, J.E. & Fallick, A.E. (2014). Tsavorite and tanzanite deposits In: Groat, L.A. (Editor) Geology of gem deposits, pp. 217-246. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Series, Vol. 44, Quebec, Quebec, Canada, 405 p. ISBN 978-0-921294-54-2.

Goerg, U., Sarbas, B., Schmetzer, K., Bank, H. & Amstutz, G.C. (1982). Petrographische und geochemische untersuchungen an graphit-schiefern und kalksilikatgesteinen von Lualeyi, Kenia und Komolo, Tansania. Fortschritte der Mineralogie, Vol. 60, pp. 84-85 (in German).

Gübelin, E. & Weibel, M. (1975). Vanadium-Grossular von Lualenyi bei Voi, Kenia. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 123:191-197

Gübelin, E.J. & Weibel, M. (1975). Green vanadium grossular garnet from Lualenyi, near Voi, Kenya. The Lapidary Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2 (May), pp. 402–414, 424–426.

Hålenius, U. (2004). Stabilization of trivalent Mn in natural tetragonal hydrogarnets on the join 'hydrogrossular' - henritermierite, Ca₃Mn³⁺₂[SiO₄]₂[H₄O₄]. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 68, pp. 335-341. abstract
Mineralogical Magazine Tables of Contents

Henn, U. (1999). Green garnet (tsavolite) from Madagaskar. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol., 48/2, pp. 111–113.

Heppe, S. (1989). Un grenat vert: la tsavorite. Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 99 (Juin), pp. 5-7 (in French).

Jackson, B. (1992). Vanadian grossular garnet (tsavorite) from Pakistan. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 67–70.

Johnson, M.L., Koivula, J.I., McClure, S.F. & DeGhionno, D. (Eds.) (1999). Gem News: Tsavorite from Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter), p. 218.

Kane, R.E., Kampf, A.R. & Krupp, H. (1990). Well-formed tsavorite gem crystals from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 142–148.

Key, R.L. & Hill, P.G. (1989 OF 1991). Further evidence for the controls on the growth of vanadian grossular garnets in Kenya. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 412–422.

Keller, P.C. (1992). Gemstones of East Africa, Geoscience Press, Phoenix, AZ, USA, 144 p. ISBN 978-0945005087.

Key, R. & Ochieng, J. (1991). Ruby and garnet gemstone deposits in southeast Kenya: Their genesis and recommendations for exploration. African Mining '91, African Mining '91' conference, Harare, Zimbabwe, 10-12 June 1991. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 364 p. ISBN 978-1-85166-654-6. abstract + references

Mandaba, Y. (2005). The Saul's Tsavorite mine, Komolo, Tanzania on Yannick Mandaba's site

Manson, D.V. & Stockton, C.M. (1982). Gem quality grossular garnets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 162–173 OF pp. 204–213.

Mayerson, W.M. (2004). Gem News International: Large tsavorite and green grossular from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 72–73.

Mercier, A., Moine, B., Delorme J., & Rakotondrazafy, M.A.F. (1997). A note on a new occurrence of vanadian grossular garnet from Madagascar. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 391–393.

McClure, S.F. (1999). Gem News: A new source for tsavorite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 151–152.

Michelou, J.C. & Lipatapanlop, B. (Eds.) (2006). The ICA 2006 World Colored Gemstone Mining Report. InColor Magazine, International Colored Gemstone Association (ICA), Spring 2006, 58 p. www.gemstone.org

Muije, P., Muije, C.S. & Muije, L.E. (1979). Colorless and green grossularite from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 16, No. 6 (Summer), pp. 162–173.

Nyamai, C.M., Mathu, E.M., Opiyo-Akech, N. & Wallbrecher, E. (2003). A reappraisal of the geology, geochemistry, structures and tectonics of the Mozambique Belt in Kenya, East of the Rift System. African Journal of Science and Technology (AJST), Science and Engineering Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 51-71.

Nassau, K., Rossman, G.R. & Wood, D.L. (1992). Unstable radiation-induced yellow-green color in grossular garnet. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 188-191.

Pardieu, V. (2005). Tsavorite, une pierre Africaine. Revue de gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 154 (Decembre), pp. 8-11 (in French).

Pardieu, V. & Hughes, R.W. (2008). Tsavorite - An Untamed Beauty. InColor Magazine, International Colored Gemstone Association (ICA), Fall 2008, pp. 36–45. Also published on www.ruby-sapphire.com

Pardieu, V., Jacquat, S. & Bryl, L.P. (2010). Tsavorite mining at Namalulu, northern Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 67-68.

Pardieu, V., Senoble, J.B., Soubiraa & Rogers, M. (2007). The "Tsavolite" Tsavorite Mine, Mengare Swamp, Tsavo, Kenya on www.fieldgemology.org

Pardieu, V., Senoble, J.B., Soubiraa & Rogers, M. (2007). The "Bocrest" Tsavorite and ruby Mine, Mengare Swamp, Tsavo, Kenya on www.fieldgemology.org

Pardieu, V., Senoble, J.B., Soubiraa & Rogers, M. (2007). The "Mberili" and "Nadan" Tsavorite Mines, Kuranze area, Tsavo, Kenya on www.fieldgemology.org

Pardieu, V., Senoble, J.B., Soubiraa & Rogers, M. (2007). The "Baraka" Tsavorite Mine, Taita Hills, Tsavo, Kenya on www.fieldgemology.org

Pardieu, V., Senoble, J.B., Soubiraa & Rogers, M. (2007). The "Scorpion" Tsavorite Mine, Taita Hills, Tsavo, Kenya on www.fieldgemology.org

Pardieu, V. & Soubiraa, G. (2008). Kenya: A Gem Safari on www.fieldgemology.org

Pohl, W. & Neidermayr, G. (1978). Geology of the Mwatate quandrangle (sheet 195/2) and the vanadium grossularite deposits of the area. Kenya-Austria Mineral Exploration Project 1975-1978. Ministry of Natural Resources, Kenya.

Pohl, W. & Horkel, A. (1980). Notes on the geology and mineral resources of the Mtito Andei-Taita area. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. , Vol. 73, pp. 135–152 (in German).

Prine, J. (2010). Gems that inspire: Tsavorite. Watch & Jewelry Review, Vol. 77, No. 7, pp. 24-25.

Rossman, G.R. & Aines, R.D. (1991). The hydrous components in garnets: Grossular-hydrogrossular. American Mineralogist, Vol. 76, No. 7/8, pp. 1153–1164. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Sarbas, B., Georg, V., Amstutz, G.C., Schmetzer, K. & Bank, H. (1984). Zür Genese ostafriKanischer Grossularvorkomen. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 33, pp. 48–62 (in German).

Schmetzer, K., Berdesinski, W. &. Traub, I. (1975). Vanadiumhaltiger Grossular aus Kenia. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 24, pp. 230–233 (in German).

Schmetzer, K. (1982). Absorption spectroscopy and colour of V³⁺-bearing natural oxides and silicates - a contribution to the crystal chemistry of vanadium. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 144, No. 1, pp. 73-106 (in German; abstract in English). abstract

Schmetzer, K., Hainschwang, T., Bernhardt, H.-J. & Kiefert, L. (2002). New Chromium- and Vanadium-Bearing Garnets from Tranoroa, Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 148-155.

Schmetzer, K. & Ottemann, J. (1979). Kristallchemie und Farbe Vanadium-haltiger Granate. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 136, No. 2, pp. 146–168 (in German).

Seifert, A.V. & Hyrsl, J. (1999). Sapphire and garnet from Kalalani, Tanga Province, Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 108–120,

Simonet, C., Okundi, S. & Masai, P. (2002). General setting of coloured gemstone deposits in the Mozambique belt of Kenya – Preliminary considerations In: Nyamai, C.M. & Maimba, M. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 8^th and 9^th Regional Conference of the Geology of Kenya, pp. 123-138. Publication of the Geological Society of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.

Sturman, N. & Du Toit, G. (2009). Lab notes: Interesting inclusion aggregate in tsavorite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Winter), p. 294.

Suwa, K., Suzuki, K., Miyakawa, K. & Agata, T. (1979). Vanadian and vanadium grossular from Mozambique metamorphic rocks, Mgama Ridge, Kenya In: Suwa, K. (Editor) 4^th Preliminary Report on African Studies, pp. 87–96. Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, 184 p.

Suwa, K., Suzuki, K. & Agata, T. (1996). Vanadium grossular from the Mozambique metamorphic rocks, south Kenya. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 14, Issues 3-4, pp. 299-308. abstract

Suwa, Y. (1993-2000). Gemstones - Quality & Value. Sekai Bunka Publishing, Inc., Tokyo, Japan. 3 Vols; Vol. 1 - 143 p., ISBN 4-418-99902-7; Vol. 2 - 144 p., ISBN 4-418-02902-8; Vol. 3 - 144 p., ISBN 4-418-01902-2.

Switzer, G.S. (1974). Composition of green garnet from Tanzania and Kenya. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 14, No. 10 (Summer), pp. 296–297.

Thoreux, E. (2011). Le vanadium trivalent (V³⁺) en tant que colorant dans les gemmes. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes, France, 46 p (in French). Published on www.gemnantes.fr

Uher, P., Chovan, M. & Majzlan, J. (1994). Vanadian-chromian garnet in mafic pyroclastic rocks of the Malé Karpaty Mountains, Western Carpathians, Slovakia. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol., Vol. 32, pp. 319-326. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Uher, P., Kovacik, M., Kubis, M., Shtukenberg, A. & Ozdin, D. (2008). Metamorphic vanadian–chromian silicate mineralization in carbon-rich amphibole schists from the Malé Karpaty Mountains, Western Carpathians, Slovakia. American Mineralogist, vol. 93, pp. 63-73. abstract American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Unninayar, C. (2007). Campbell Bridges Savoring Tsavorite. JQ Magazine, September-October 2007, pp. 46-47. Also published on www.tsavorite.com

Webster, R. (1994). Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 5th ed. edited by P.G. read, 1026 pp.

Weinberg, D. (2007). Largest tsavorite in the world discovered, published March 31^st 2006 on www.multicolour.com

Weinberg, D. (2007). Giant size top color clean tsavorite discovered in East Africa, published January 7^th 2007 on www.multicolour.com

Wight W., Grice, J.D. (1982). Grossular garnet from the Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Quebec, Canada. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 126-130.

Wise, R.W. (2003). Secrets of the Gem Trade - The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones. Brunswick House Press, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA, 274 p. ISBN 0-9728223-9-9. www.secretsofthegemtrade.com

Wise, R.W. (Not dated; Retrieved January 4^th 2014). Tsavorite Garnet, King of African Gems on www.secretsofthegemtrade.com seems currently unavailable.

Ugrandite series

Cornejo, C. & Bartorelli, A. (2009). Garnets of the ugrandite series In: Minerals & Precious Stones of Brazil, pp. 416-417. Solaris Cultural Publications, São Paulo, Brazil, 704 p. ISBN 978-85-89820-08-0.

Uvarovite

Andrut, M. & Wildner, M. (2001). The crystal chemistry of birefringent natural uvarovites: Part I. Optical investigations and UV-VIS-IR absorption spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, Vol. 86, No. 10, pp. 1219-1230. abstract American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Fermor, L.L. (1952). On a new chrome garnet. Geology Magazine, Vol. 89, pp. 145-147.

Grubb, P.L.C. (1965). An unusual occurrence of diopside and uvarovite near Thetford, Quebec. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 8, pp. 241-248. abstract The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Nixon, P.H., Hornung, G. (1968). A new chromium garnet end member, knorringite, from kimberlite. American Mineralogist, Vol. 55, pp. 1833-1840. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

von Knorring, O. (1951). A new occurrence of uvarovite from northern Karelia, Finland. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 29, No. 213, pp. 594-602. Mineralogical Magazine Tables of Contents

Pal, T. & Das, D. (2010). Uvarovite from chromite-bearing ultramafic intrusives, Orissa, India, a crystal-chemical characterization using ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, Vol. 95, No. 5-6, pp. 1219-1230. abstract American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Shelton, B. (2011). Uvarovite. Mineral News, Vol. 27, No. 9, pp. 11-12.

Sobolev, N.V., Lavrent'ev, Y.G., Pokhilenko, N.P. & Usova, L.V. (1973). Chrome-rich garnets from the kimberlites of Yakutia and their parageneses. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 40, Issue 1 (March), pp. 39-52. abstract

Research | Spectra

Allen, P.M. & Buseck, P.R. (1988). XRD, FTIR, and TEM studies of optically anisotropic grossular garnets. American Mineralogist, Vol. 73, No. 5-6, pp. 568-584. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Amthauer, G. (1976). Crystal chemistry and colour of chromium-bearing garnets. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 126, No. 2, pp. 158–186.

Barks, R.E., Roy, D.M. & White, D.B. (1965). Sub-solidus equilibria in the system Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ and optical spectra of the crystalline solutions. Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 44, p. 317.

Cartsens, H. (1973). The red-green change in chromium-bearing garnets. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 41, Issue 3 (September), pp. 273-276. abstract + references

Dowty, E. (1971). Crystal chemistry of titanian and zirconian garnet: I. Review and Spectral studies. American Mineralogist, Vol. 56:1983-2009. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Farrell, E.F. & Newnham, R.E. (1965). Crystal field spectra of chrysoberyl alexandrite, periodite, and sinhalite. American Mineralogist, Vol. 50 (November-December), pp. 1972-1981. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Flies, D. (2008). La couleur dans les grenats. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes, 147 p. (in French). Published on www.gemnantes.fr

Frentrup, K. & Langer, K. (1981). Mn³⁺ in garnets: optical absorption spectrum of a synthetic Mn³⁺-bearing silicate garnet. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, Vol. 6, pp. 245-256.

Fritsch, E. & Rossman, G.R. (1993). The causes of color in garnets. The Mineralogical Record, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 63. The Mineralogical Record Tables of Contents

Heppe, S. (1988). Les grenats verts. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes (in French).

Hirai, H. & Nakazawa, H. (1982). Origin of iridescence in garnet: an optical interference study. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 8, Issue 1 (February), pp. 25-28. abstract + references

Höfer, H.E., Brey, G.P. (2007). The iron oxidation state of garnet by electron microprobe: Its determination with the flank method combined with major-element analysis. American Mineralogist, Vol. 92, No. 5-6, pp. 873–885. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Hofmeister, A.M., Schaal, R.B., Campbell, K.R., Berry, S.L. & Fagan, T.J. (1998). Prevalence and origin of birefringence in 48 garnets from the pyrope-almandine-grossularite-spessartine quaternary. American Mineralogist, Vol. 83, pp. 1293–1301. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Geiger C.A., Stahl A. & Rossman, G.R. (2000). Single-crystal IR- and UV/VIS-spectroscopic measurements on transition-metal bearing pyrope: the incorporation of hydroxide in garnet. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 259–271. abstract

Ito, J. & Frondel, C. (1967). Synthetic zirconium and titanium garnets. American Mineralogist, Vol. 52, pp. 773-781. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Juhin, A., Calas, G., Cabaret, D., Galoisy, L. & Hazemann, J.-L. (2008). Structural relaxation around substitutional Cr³⁺ in pyrope garnet. American Mineralogist, Vol. 93, No. 5-6, pp. 800-805. abstract
American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Khomenko, V.M., Andrut, M., Langer, K. & Woodland, A.B. (1993a). Optical absorption spectra of skiagite (Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺Si₃O₁₂)-almandine (Fe₃²⁺Al₂³⁺Si₃O₁₂) garnet at high pressure and high temperature. Beihefte zum European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 5, p. 182.

Khomenko, V.M., Langer, K., Woodland, A.B., Andrut, M. & Vishnevsky, A.A. (1993b). Optical absorption spectra of synthetic skiagite (Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺Si₃O₁₂) and natural ²⁺, Fe³⁺-bearing garnets. Terra abstracts, Vol. 5, p. 491.

Khomenko, V.M., Langer, K., Andrut, M., Kochmuller, M. & Vishnevsky, A.A. (1994). Single crystal absorption spectra of synthetic Ti, Fe-substituted pyropes. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 21, Issue 7 (November), pp. 434-440. abstract + references

Köhler, P. & Amthauer, G. (1979). The ligand field spectrum of Fe³⁺ in garnets. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 28, pp. 329-343. abstract

Krzemnicki, M.S., Hanni, H. & Reusser, E. (2001). Colour change garnets from Madagascar: Comparison of colorimetric with chemical data. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 395–408. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Langer, K. & Lattard, D. (1984). Mn³⁺ in garnets II: Optical absorption spectra of blythite-bearing, synthetic calderites, Mn₃^2+[8] (Fe_1-X³⁺ Mn_X³⁺)₂^[6] [SiO₄]₃. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 149, pp. 129-141.

Langer, K., Robarick, E., Sobolev N.V., Shatsky, V.S. & Wang, W. (1993). Single-crystal spectra of garnets from diamondiferous high-pressure metamorphic rocks from Kazakhstan: indications for OH^-, H₂O, and Fe-Ti charge transfer. European Journal of of Mineralogy, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 1091-1100. abstract

Langer, K., Platonov, A.N. & Matsyuk S.S. (2004). Local mean chromium-oxygen distances in Cr³⁺-centered octahedra of natural grossular-uvarovite garnet solid solutions from electronic absorption spectra. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Vol. 219, Issue 5, pp. 272-277. abstract

Lin, C. (1981). Optical absorption spectra of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ in garnets. Bulletin de Minéralogie, Vol. 104, pp. 218-222.

Lind, T. & Bank, H.. (1997). Effect of ligand metal charge transfer and intravalence charge transfer bands on the colour of grossular garnet. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, Vol. 1, pp. 1-14.

Liu, Y., Shigley, J.E., Fritsch, E. & Hemphill, S. (1999). A colorimetric study of the alexandrite effect in gemstones. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 371–385.

Manning, P.G. & Tricker, M.J. (1977). A Mössbauer spectral study of ferrous and ferric ion distributions in grossular crystals: evidence for local crystal disorder. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 15, pp. 81-86. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Manning, P.G. (1967a). The optical absorption spectra of the garnets almandine-pyrope, pyrope, and spessartite and some structural interpretations of mineralogical significance. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 237-251. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Manning, P.G. (1967b). The optical absorption spectra of some andradites and the identification of the ⁶A₁ → ⁴A₁⁴E(G) transition in octahedrally bonded Fe³⁺. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 4, pp. 1039-1047. abstract

Manning, P.G. (1969). Optical absorption studies of grossular, andradite (var. colophonite) and uvarovite. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 723–729. abstract The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Manning, P.G. (1973a). Extinction coefficients of Fe³⁺ spectral bands in oxides and silicates as indicators of local crystal composition. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 12, pp. 120-123. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Manning, P.G. (1973b). Intensities and half-widths of octahedral-Fe³⁺ crystal-field bands and Racah parameters as indicators of next-nearest-neighbor interactions in garnets. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 12, pp. 215-218. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Manning, P.G. & Townsend, M.G. (1970). Effect of next-nearest neighbour interaction on oscillator strengths in garnets. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. L14-15. abstract

Manning, P.G. & Harris, D.C. (1970). Optical-absorption and electron-microprobe studies of some high-Ti andradites. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 10, pp. 260-271. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Manning, P.G. (1972). Optical absorption spectra of Fe³⁺ in octahedral and tetrahedral sites in natural garnets. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 826-839. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Maquignon, Y. (2010). Etude spectrale de la solution solide des pyralspites par méthode de réflectance spéculaire en infrarouge. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes (in French).

Matsyuk, S.S., Platonov, A.N. & Bulanova, G.P. (1989). Optical spectra of orange garnets included in diamonds. Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoj SSR, Vol. 5, pp. 15-18.

Meagher, E.P. (1980). Silicate Garnets In: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 5, pp. 25–66, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Overview

Moore, R.K. & White, W.B. (1971). Intervalence electron transfer effects in the spectra of the melanite garnets. American Mineralogist, Vol. 56, pp. 826-840. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Moore, R.K. & White, W.B. (1972). Electronic spectra of transition metal ions in silicate garnets. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 791-811. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Moore, R.K., White, B.W. & Long, T.V. (1971). Vibrational spectra of the common silicates: I. The garnets. American Mineralogist, Vol. 56, pp. 54–71. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Pinet, M. & Smith, D.C. (1993). Raman microspectrometry of garnets X₃Y₂Z₃O₁₂: I. The natural calcic series uvarovite-grossular-andradite. Schweizerische Mineralogische Petrographische Mitteilungen, Vol. 73, pp. 21–40.

Pinet, M. & Smith, D.C. (1994). Raman microspectrometry of garnets X₃Y₂Z₃O₁₂: II. The natural aluminian series pyrope-almandine-spessartine. Schweizerische Mineralogische Petrographische Mitteilungen, Vol. 74, pp. 161–180.

Platonov, A.N., Langer, K., Natsuk, S.S., Taran, M.N. & Hu, X. (1991). Fe²⁺-Ti⁴⁺ charge-transfer in garnets from mantle eclogites. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, pp. 19-26. abstract

Poole, C.P., Jr. (1964). The optical spectra and color of chromium-containing solids. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 25, Issue 11 (November), pp. 1169-1182. abstract

Runciman, W.A. & SenGupta, D. (1974). The spectrum of Fe²⁺ ions in silicate garnets. American Mineralogist, Vol. 59, pp. 563-566. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Rost, F. & Griegel, W. (1968). Zur Geochemie und Genese granatführender Ultramafitite des mitteleuropäischen Grundgebirges. Chemie der Erde, Vol. 28, No. 1/2, pp. 91–177.

Schmetzer, K. (1982a). Absorptionsspektren und Farben Vanadium- und Chromhältiger Minerale. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 31, pp. 125-130 (in German).

Schmetzer, K. (1982b). Absorption spectroscopy and color of V³⁺-bearing natural oxides and silicates - a contribution to the crystal chemistry of vanadium. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 144, No. 1, pp. 73-106 (in German; abstract in English). abstract

Schmetzer, K., Bernhardt, H.-J., Bosshart, G. & Hainschwang, T. (2009). Color-change garnets from Madagascar: variation of chemical, spectroscopic and colorimetric properties. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 31, No. 5–8, pp. 235–282.

Serov, R., Shelementiev, Y. & Mashkina, A. (Not dated; Retrieved January 6^th 2014). Identification of the garnet chemical composition and color causes by express Raman and visible spectroscopy on Lomonosov Moscow State University

Shankland, T.J., Duba, A.G. & Woronow, A. (1974). Pressure shifts of optical absorption bands in iron-bearing garnet, spinel, olivine, pyroxene and periclase. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 79, Issue 23, pp. 3273-3282. abstract

Slack, G.A., Chrenko, R.M. (1971). Optical absorption of natural garnets from 1,000 to 30,000 wavenumbers. Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 61, No. 10, pp. 1325-1329.

Smith, G. (1977). Low temperature optical studies of metal-metal charge transfer transitions in various minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 15, pp. 500–507. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Smith, G., Hålenius, U. & Langer, K. (1982). Low temperature spectral studies of Mn³⁺-bearing andalusite and epidote type minerals in the range 30000-5000 cm^-1. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 8, Issue 3 (July), pp. 136-14. abstract + references

Smith, G. & Langer, K. (1983). High pressure spectra up to 120 kbars of the synthetic garnet end members spessartine and almandine. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, Vol. 1983, No. 12, pp. 541–555.

Sun, Z., Palke, A.C. & Renfro, N. (2015). Vanadium- and Chromium-Bearing Pink Pyrope Garnet: Characterization and Quantitative Colorimetric Analysis. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 348-369. Also published on www.gia.edu

Taran, N.M., Dyar, M.D. & Matsyuk, S.S. (2007). Optical absorption study of natural garnets of almandine-skiagite composition showing intervalence Fe²⁺ + Fe³⁺ → Fe³⁺ + Fe²⁺ charge-transfer transition. American Mineralogist, Vol. 92, pp. 752-760. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Takeuchi, Y. & Haga, N. (1976). Optical anomaly and structure of silicate garnets. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Vol. 52, pp. 228–231.

Taylor, L., Wise, M.A. & Simmons, W.B. (1997). Occurrence of phosphorus in garnets from gembearing pegmatites. Rocks & Minerals, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 189-190.

Wada, N., Hirowatari, F. & Takano, Y. (1978). Optical properties, twin point groups and chemical compositions of anisotropic garnets. Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 380–398 (in Japanese).

Taran, M.N. & Langer, K. (2000). Electronic absorption spectra of Fe³⁺ in andradite and epidote at different temperatures and pressures. European Journal of of Mineralogy, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 7-15. abstract

Taran, N.M. & Langer, K. (2001). Electronic absorption spectra of Fe²⁺ ions in oxygen-based rock-forming minerals at temperatures between 297 and 600 K. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 28, Issue 3 (April), pp. 199-210. abstract

White, W.B. & Moore, R.K. (1972). Interpretation of the spin-allowed bands of Fe²⁺ in silicate garnets. American Mineralogist, Vol. 57, pp. 1692-1710. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Yang, H., Konzett, J., Downs, R.T. & Frost, D.J. (2009). Crystal structure and Raman spectrum of a high-pressure Li-rich majoritic garnet, (Li₂Mg)Si₂(SiO₄)₃. American Mineralogist, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 630-633. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Zhau, K.W. & Zhao, S.B. (1984). The spin-forbidden spectrum of Fe²⁺ in silicate garnets. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol. 17, pp. 4625-4632. abstract

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