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References > Emerald
First draft: February 6^th, 1999 | Last update: April 1^st, 2016 | References: 457

In order to keep the best overview, the following references were categorised according to their respective topics. Some articles may fall under multiple entries. For quick reference, click a topic in the keyword section. Clicking any section header will bring you back to the keyword section.

Keywords: Africa, Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Cathodoluminiscence, Chemistry, China, Colombia, Crystallography, Egypt, General, Historical Accounts, Inclusions, India, Ireland, Isotope Research, Madagascar, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Russia, Spectroscopy, Synthetic Emeralds, Trapiche Emeralds, Treatments, Zambia & Zimbabwe.

General

Bariand, P. & Poirot, J.P. (2004). Larousse des pierres précieuses. Larousse, Paris, France, 290 p. ISBN 978-2035182029.

Cassedanne, J., Le Cléach, J-M. & Lebrun, P. (1997). Béryls. Minéraux et Fossiles, Hors-série, No. 5, 99 p. (in French)

Cheilletz, A. & Giuliani, G. (1997). Comment se forment les émeraudes. La Recherche, Vol. 303 (November), pp. 48-52.

Fallick, A.E. (1994). The new treasure seekers. Nature, Vol. 369, pp. 522-523. references

Graham, I.T., Zaw, K. & Cook, N.J. (Eds.) (2008). Ore Geology Reviews, Special Issue - The Genesis of Gem Deposits, Vol. 34, Issues 1–2 (September), 215 p. ISSN 0169-1368.

Groat, L.A. (2014). Geology of Gem Deposits. 2^nd Edition. Short Course Series, Vol. 44. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Québec, Québec, Canada, 405 p. ISBN 978-0-921294-54-2. Mineralogical Association of Canada

Groat, L.A., Giuliani, G., Marshall, D.D. & Turner, D. (2008). Emerald deposits and occurrences: A review. In: Graham, I.T., Zaw, K. & Cook, N.J. (Eds.) Ore Geology Reviews, Special Issue - The Genesis of Gem Deposits, Vol. 34, Issues 1–2, pp. 87–112.

Groat, L., Giuliani, G., Marshall, D., & Turner, D. (2014). Emerald In: Groat, L.A. (Editor) Geology of gem deposits, pp. 135-174. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Series, Vol. 44, Quebec, Quebec, Canada, 405 p. ISBN 978-0-921294-54-2.

Grundmann, G. (1991). Smaragd: Grünes Feuer unterm Eis. extraLapis, No. 1, Christian Weise Verlag, Munich, Germany, 100 p. ISBN 3-921656-22-2 (in German).

Gübelin, E. (1968). Die Edelsteine der Insel Ceylon. Private publication, Luzern, Switzerland, 152 p. (in German)

Gübelin, E.J. (1983). The Depths of a "Mountain Lake" in Emerald In: Internal World of Gemstones. Documents from Space and Time, pp. 137-153. 3^rd edition. ABC Edition, Zürich, Switzerland, 234 p. ISBN 3-85504-030-3.
Note: 1^st Edition (1973). Innenwelt der Edelsteine. Urkunde aus Raum und Zeit. ABC Edition, Zürich, Switzerland, 233 p. ISBN 3-85504-030-3 (in German; ISBN checked in the original copies).

Gübelin, E.J. & Koivula, J.I. (1997). Emerald and its Inclusions In: Photoatlas of Inclusions in Gemstones, pp. 244-260. 3^rd revised edition. ABC Edition, Zürich, Switzerland, 532 p., ISBN 3-85504-095-8.

Gübelin, E.J. & Koivula, J.I. (2008). Inclusions in Major Commercial Gems: Emerald In: Photoatlas of Inclusions in Gemstones. Volume 3, pp. 354-377. Opinio Publishers, Basel, Switzerland, 672 p., ISBN 3-03999-029-2.

Hänni, H.A. (1990). Les gemmes du groupe du béryl. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 104, pp. 8-12 (in French). Also published on www.ssef.ch

ICA (1996). “Emeraude”, pierre de l’éternel printemps. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 129, pp. 10-11.

Keeling, J-L. (1991). Review of a new theory on emerald formation in schist-hosted deposits. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 17, No. 11, pp. 439-442.

Kievlenko, E.Y. (2003). Geology of Gems. English Edition, Ocean Pictures Ltd., Littleton, Colorado, U.S.A., 432 p. + xxxii.

Korzhinskii, D.S. (1970). Theory of metasomatic zoning. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 162 p. Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineral. Soc. Am., 16,

Ringsrud, R. (2008). Emeralds A passionate Guide - The Emeralds, The People, Their Secrets, pp. 344-346. Greenview Press, Oxnard, CA, USA, 382 p. ISBN 978-0-9822627-5-7. www.emeraldmine.com

Sauer, J.R. (1992). Emeralds around the world. Private Publication, 160 p. ISBN 9780963533104.

Schwarz, D. (1996). Smaragdgenese. Abschlussbericht. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Bonn (unpublished).

Shigley, J.E., Dirlam, D.M., Schmetzer, K. & Jobbins, E. (1990). Gem localities of the 1980s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 4-31.

Sinkankas, J. (1981). Emerald and other beryls. Chilton Book Company, Radnor, Pennsylvania & Nelson Canada Limited, Scarborough, Ontario, 665 p. ISBN 0-8019-7114-4.

Sinkankas, J. & Read, P. (1986). Beryl. Butterworths Gem Books, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, U.K., 212 p. ISBN 978-0408015431.

Suwa, Y. (1993-2000). Gemstones - Quality & Value. Sekai Bunka Publishing, Inc., Tokyo, Japan. 3 Vols; Vol. 1 - 143 p., ISBN 4-418-99902-7; Vol. 2 - 144 p., ISBN 4-418-02902-8; Vol. 3 - 144 p., ISBN 4-418-01902-2.

Ustinov, V.I. & Chizhik, O.Y. (1994). Sequential nature of the formation of emerald and alexandrite in micaite-type deposits. Geochemistry International, Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 115-118.

Van Landigham, S.L. (1984). Geology of World Gem Deposits. Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishers, USA, 406 p. ISBN 978-0442288402.

Vidal, P., Lasnier, B. & Poirot, J-P. (1992b). Essais de datation et détermination de l’origine des émeraudes par la méthode rubidium-strontium. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 110, pp. 27-29 (in French).

Vidal, P., Lasnier, B. & Poirot, J-P. (1992a). Determination of the age and origin of emeralds using rubidium-strontium analysis. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 198-200.

Ward, F. & Ward, C. (1993). Emeralds. 3^rd Edition. Fred Ward Gem Series, Gem Book Publishers, Malibu, CA, U.S.A. 64 p. ISBN 978-1887651158.

Webster, R. (1994). Emerald, Aquamarine and Other Beryls In: Gems: their sources, descriptions, and identification, pp. 103-131. 5^th edition, revised by Peter G. Read, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1026 p., ISBN 978-0-7506-1674-4.

Wise, R.W. (2003). Secrets of the Gem Trade - The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones. Brunswick House Press, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA, 274 p. ISBN 0-9728223-9-9. www.secretsofthegemtrade.com

Zylberman, N. (1998). Emeraudes : tableaux synoptiques comparatifs des propriétés gemmologiques des gisements majeurs et des principales synthèses. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes (in French).

Cathodoluminiscence

Barbin, V. & Schvoerer, M. (1997). Cathodoluminescence et géosciences. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, No. 325, pp. 157-169.

Burns, G., Geiss, E.A., Jenins, B.A. & Nathan, M.I. (1965). Cr³⁺ fluorescence in garnets and other crystals. Physics Review, Vol. 139, Issue 5A (August), pp. 687-693. abstract

Marshall, D.J. (1988). Cathodoluminescence of Geological Materials. Unwin Hyman, Boston, U.S.A. xiv + 146 p. ISBN 004 5520267.

Pagel, M., Barbin, V., Blanc, P. & Ohnenstetter, D. (Eds.) (2000). Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, XV, 514 p. ISBN 978-3-540-65987-7 (Hardcover); 978-3-642-08526-0 (Softcover).

Rémond, G., Cesbron, F., Chapoulie, R., Ohnenstetter, D., Roques-Carmes, C. & Schvoerer, M. (1992). Cathodoluminescence application to the microcharacterization of mineral materials: a present status in experimentation and interpretation. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 6, pp. 23-68.

Chemistry

Burelli, F. (1994). Datation et spectres d'éléments trace des émeraudes des principaux gisements mondiaux. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes (in French).

Aines, R.D. & Rossmann, G.R. (1984). The high temperature behaviour of water and carbon dioxide in cordierite and beryl. American Mineralogist, Vol. 69, pp. 319-327. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Artioli, G., Rinaldi, R., Stahl, K. & Zanni, P.F. (1993). Structure refinements of beryl by single-crystal and X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, Vol. 78, pp. 762-768. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Brown, G.E., Jr. & Mills, B.A. (1986). High-temperature structure and crystal chemistry of hydrous alkali-rich beryl from the Harding pegmatite, Taos County, New Mexico. American Mineralogist, Vol. 71, No. 3-4, pp. 547–556.
American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Černy, P. (1991). Rare-element granitic pegmatites. Part I: Anatomy and internal evolution of pegmatite deposits. Geoscience Canada, Vol. 18, No. 2 (January), pp. 49-67. abstract

Černy, P. (1991). Rare-element granitic pegmatites. Part II: regional to global environments and petrogenesis. Geoscience Canada, Vol. 18, No. 2 (January), pp. 68-81. abstract

Černy, P. (1975). Alkali variations in pegmatitic beryls and their petrogenetic implications. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 123, pp. 198-212.

Černy, P. & Hawthorne, F.C. (1976). Refractive indices versus alkali contents in beryl: general limitations and applications to some pegmatitic types. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 14, pp. 491-497.
The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Cheilletz, A., Féraud, G., Giuliani, G. & Ruffet, G. (1993). Emerald dating through ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar step-heating and laser spot analysis of sungenetic phlogopite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 120, Issues 3-4 (December), pp. 473-485. abstract

Damon, P.E. & Kulp, J.L. (1958). Excess helium and argon in beryl and other minerals. American Mineralogist, Vol. 43, pp. 433-459. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Ebelman, J.J. (1848). Sur une nouvelle méthode pour obtenir des combinations cristallisées par la voie sèche. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Vol. 22, pp. 213-244 (in French).

Goldman, D.S., Rossmann, G.R. & Parkin, K.M. (1978). Channel constituents in beryl. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 3, pp. 225-235. abstract + references

Hawthorne, F.C. & Černy, P. (1977). The alkali-metal positions in Cs-Li beryl. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 15, p. 414-421. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Mashkovtsev, R.I. & Solntsev, V.P. (2002). Channel constituents in synthetic beryl: ammonium. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 29, Issue 1 (February), pp. 65-71. abstract

Polupanova, T.I., Petrov, E.I., Kruzhalov, A.V., Laskovenkov, A.F. & Nikitin, V.F. (1985). The thermal stability of beryl. Geochemistry International, Vol. 22, Issue 6, pp. 11–13.

Rayleigh, J.W.S. (1933). Beryllium and helium. Part I. The helium contained in beryls of varied geologic ages. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. Vol. 142, No. 847 (November), pp. 370-381. preview

Staatz, M.H., Griffiths, W.R. & Barnett, P.R. (1965). Differences in the minor element composition of beryl in various environments. American Mineralogist, Vol. 50, pp. 1783-1795. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Vauquelin, N.L. (1798a). De l'Aigue marine, ou Béril; et découverte d'une terre nouvelle dans cette pierre. Lue à l'Institut, le 26 Pluviose, an 6 In: Guyton, Mongé, Berthollet, Fourcroy, Adet, Hassenfratz, Séguin, Vauquelin, C.A. Prieur, Chaptal & Van Mons (Editors) Annales de Chimie, ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie et les Arts qui en Dépendent, Vol. 26 (30 Germinal, An VI^e | April 19^th 1798), pp. 155-169. Fuchs et Guillaume, Paris, France, 340 p. Also published in: Journal des Mines, fascicule XLI, germinal ann VI, pp. 553-564 (both in French).

Vaucquelin, N.L. (1798b). Mémoire sur la découverte d’un nouveau métal à l’état d’acide et d’oxide dans le plomb rouge de Sibérie, le rubis et l’émeraude, et d’une nouvelle terre dans l’émeraude et le beril. Journal de la société des pharmaciens de Paris pendant l’an VI de la République, pp. 174-176 (in French).

Vauquelin, N.L. (1798c). Sur la terre du Béril, pour servir de suite au premier mémoire sur le méme objet In: Guyton, Mongé, Berthollet, Fourcroy, Adet, Hassenfratz, Séguin, Vauquelin, C.A. Prieur, Chaptal & Van Mons (Editors) Annales de Chimie, ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie et les Arts qui en Dépendent, Vol. 26 (30 Germinal, An VI^e | April 19^th 1798), pp. 170-177. Fuchs et Guillaume, Paris, France, 340 p. (in French)

Vauquelin, N.L. (1798d). Analyse De l'Émeraude du Pérou In: Guyton, Mongé, Berthollet, Fourcroy, Adet, Hassenfratz, Séguin, Vauquelin, C.A. Prieur, Chaptal & Van Mons (Editors) Annales de Chimie, ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie et les Arts qui en Dépendent, Vol. 26 (30 Germinal, An VI^e | April 19^th 1798), pp. 259-265. Fuchs et Guillaume, Paris, France, 340 p. (in French)

Zimmermann, J.-L. (1972). L’eau et les gaz dans les principales familles de silicates. Contribution à l'étude de leur mode de répartition. Applications aux problèmes de la géochronologie et de la pétrogenèse. Sciences de la Terre. Mémoire 22, 188 p. (in French)

Zimmermann, J.-L. (1981). La libération de l’eau, du gaz carbonique et des hydrocarbures des cordiérites. Cinétique des méchanismes. Détermination des sites. Intérêt pétrogénétique. Bulletin S.F.M.C., Vol. 104, pp. 325-338 (in French).

Crystallography

Aines, R.D. & Rossman, G.R. (1984). The high temperature behaviour of water and carbon dioxide in cordierite and beryl. American Mineralogist, Vol. 69, pp. 319-327. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Ambruster, T. (1986). Role of Na in the structure of low-cordierite: a single-crystal X-ray study. American Mineralogist, Vol. 71, pp. 746-757. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Artioli, G., Rinaldi, R, Stahl, K. & Zannazi, P.F. (1993). Structure refinements of beryl by single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, Vol. 78, pp. 762-768. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Aurisicchio, C., Fioravanti, G., Grubessi, O. & Zannazi, P.F. (1988). Reappraisal of the crystal chemistry of beryl. American Mineralogist, Vol. 73, No. 7-8, pp. 826-837. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Bakakin, V.V. & Belov, N.V. (1962). The Crystal chemistry of beryl. Geochemistry, Vol. 5 (December), pp. 484-500. abstract

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. & Zussman, J. (1986). Rock-Forming Minerals; Disilicates and Ring Silicates. 2^nd Edition, Vol. 1B. Geological Society of London, 630 p. ISBN 978-1897799895.

Gibbs, G.V., Breck, D.W. & Meagher, E.P. (1968). Structural refinements of hydrous and anhydrous synthetic beryl, Al₂(Be₃Si₆)O₁₈ and emerald, Al_1.9Cr_0.1(Be₃Si₆)O₁₈. Lithos, Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 275-285. abstract

Hawthorne, F.C. & Černy, P. (1977). The alkali-metal positions in Cr-Li beryl. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 15, pp. 414-421. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Manier-Galvinaz, V., Couty, R. & Lagache, M. (1989). The removal of alkalis from beryl: structural adjustments. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 27, pp. 663-671. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Historical Accounts

Azziz, A. (1942). The imperial treasury of the Indian Mughals. Private publication, Lahore, India. Reprinted in 1972 by Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, Jayyad Press, Delhi, India, 572 p.

Ball, V. (2001). Travels in India by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. Translated from the original French edition of 1676 by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier with a biographical sketch of the Author, Notes, Appendices, etc. 2^nd Edition, Edited by William Crooke, 2 Vols., Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi, India, Vol. 1 - 399 p. ISBN 81-215-0683-2; Vol. 2 - 335 p. ISBN 81-215-0684-0. Set - ISBN 81-215-0682-4.

Bretschneider, E. (1910). Precious stones of the Mohammedans In: Mediaeval researches from Eastern Asiatic sources. Vol. 1: Fragments towards the knowledge of the geography and history of central and western Asia from the 13^th to 17^th century. Reprinted in 2015 by Forgotten Books, 350 p. ISBN 978-1330401026.

de Mely, F. (1902). Les lapidaires de l’Antiquité et du Moyen Age Vol. 1: Les lapidaires chinois, 524 p.; Vol. 2: Les lapidaires grecs, 374 p. Ernest Leroux, Paris (translated in French).

Eichholz, D.E. (1962). Natural History, Volume X: Books 36-37. Translated from the original edition by Pliny the Elder. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., 362 p.

Eichholz, D.E. (1965). Theophrastus De Lapidibus. Edited with introduction, translation and commentary. Oxford University Press Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K., viii + 141 p.

Ferrier, J.P. (1857). Caravan journeys and wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan; with historical notices of the countries lying between Russia and India. Translated by William Jesse, edited by H.D. Seymour M.P.. 2^nd Edition. John Murray, London, U.K.

Finot, L. (1896). Les Lapidaires Indiens. Librairie Emile Bouillon, Paris, 281 p. (in French).

Fortenbaugh, W.W., Huby, P.M., Sharples, R.W. & Gutas, D. (1992). Theophrastus of Eresus. Sources for His Life, Writings, Thought and Influence. Vol. 1: Life, Writings, Various Reports, Logic, Physics, Metaphysics, Theology, Mathematics; Vol. 2: Psychology, Human Physiology, Living Creatures, Botany, Ethics, Religion, Politics, Rhetoric and Poetics, Music, Miscellanea. Philosophia Antiqua, Vol. 54. Brill Open Books, Leiden, The Netherlands, viii + 708 p. ISBN 9789004094406.

Huda, S.N.A. (1998). Arab roots of gemology: Ahmad ibn Yusuf Al Tifaschi's Best Thoughts on the Best Stones. Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Md, U.S.A. | London, U.K., 271 p. ISBN 0-8108-3294-1.

Lane, K. (2010). Colour of Paradise. The emerald in the age of gunpowder empires. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A., 280 p. ISBN 978-0-300-16131-1.

Lane-Poole, S. (1903). Mediaeval India under Muhammedan Rule, A.D. 712-1764. T. Fisher Unwin London. Reprinted in 1982 by Haskell House Publishers Inc., U.S. 449 p. ISBN 9789004094406.

Meen, V.B. & Tushingham, A.D. (1969). The crown jewels of Iran. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 159 p. ISBN 978-0802015198.

Piat, D.H. & Forestier, F.H. (1997). Bactrian emeralds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 302-303.

Rawlingson, H.G. (1912). Bactria. The History of a forgotten Empire. Probstain & C°, London, U.K. Reprinted on October 4, 2013 by Westholme Publishing, Yardley, PA, U.S.A. 208 p. ISBN 978-1594161865.

Said, H.M. (Editor) (1989). The book most Comprehensive in Knowledge on Precious Stones: al-Biruni’s Book on Mineralogy (Kitab al-jamahir fi marifat al-jawahir) by Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni. Natural Sciences No. 66, Pakistan Hijra Council, Islamabad, Pakistan, 355 p. ISBN 978-9698016289.

Sarma, S.R. (2005). Thakkura Pheru’s Rayanaparikkha. A Medieval Prakrit Text on Gemmology. Translated from the original text by Thakkura Pheru. Dominant Publishers & Distributors, India, 321 p.

Tagore, S.M. (1879). Mani-Mala. A treatise on gems. Reprinted in 2010 by Kessinger Publishing, 542 p. ISBN 978-1165061907.

Tarn, W.W. (1951). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Reprinted in 2010 by Cambridge University Press, 600 p. ISBN 9781108009416.

Unger, M.F. (2006). The New Unger's Bible Dictionary. New revised & updated edition by Harrison, R.K., Vos, H.F. & Barber, C.J. Moody Publishers, Chicago, IL, U.S.A., 1424 p. ISBN 978-0802490667.

Vidal-Naquet, P. (Editor) (1984). Histoire d’Alexandre. L’anabase d’Alexandre le Grand - l’Inde. Translated by Savinel, P., after "Flavius Arrien entre deux mondes". Collection Arguments. Les Editions de Miniut, Paris, France, 384 p. ISBN 2707306738 (in French). summary + reviews

Visser, Ph.C. (1926). Naar onbekend Midden-Azië. Tusschen Kara-Korum en Hindu-Kush. Nijgh & Van Ditmar's Uitgevers Maatschappij, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 253 p. (in Dutch).

Ward, G. (1983). The Maharadjas. Treasures of the world. Stonehenge Press, Chicago, U.S.A., 176 p. ISBN 978-0867060225.

Wojtilla, G. (1973). Indian precious stones in the ancient east and west. Acta Orientalia Scientiarum Hungaricae. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 211-224.

Inclusions

Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A., Dubessy, J. & Rodriguez, C.T. (1993a). Chemical composition of fluid inclusions in Colombian emerald deposits. Proceedings of the Eighth Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, August 12-18, 1990, pp. 159-168. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany, 900 p. ISBN 978-3-510-65153-5.

Koivula, J.I. (1980). Fluid inclusions: Hidden trouble for the jeweler and lapidary. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 273–276.

Leeder, O., Thomas, R. & Klemm, W. (1987). Einschlüssen in Mineralen. VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leizig, Germany, 180 p. ISBN 3-342-00088-0.

Nwe, Y.Y. & Morteani, G. (1993). Fluid evolution in the H₂O-CH₄-CO₂-NaCl system during emerald mineralization at Gravelotte, Murchinson greenstone belt, Northeast Transvaal, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 57, Issue 1 (January), pp. 89-103. abstract

Roedder, E. (1984). Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 12: Fluid Inclusions. Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia, U.S.A., 646 p. ISBN 0-939950-16-2. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Overview

Saeseaw, S., Pardieu, V. & Sangsawong, S. (2014). Three-Phase Inclusions in Emerald and Their Impact on Origin Determination. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 114-132. Also published on www.gia.edu

Schwarz, D. (1987). Esmeraldas - Inclusoes em gemas. Ecola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 450 p. ISBN: none (in Portuguese).
Note: Also published in German in Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 37 (1988), No. 1-2, p. 31-47; No. 3-4, pp. 89-112, pp. 146-167; Vol. 39 (1990), No. 1, pp. 13-44; No. 4, pp. 233-272; Vol. 40 (1991), No. 4, pp. 241-246.

Isotope Research

Arif, M., Fallick, A.E. & Moon, C.J. (1996). The genesis of emeralds and their host rocks from Swat, northwestern Pakistan: a stable-isotope investigation. Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 31, Issue 4 (May), pp. 255-268. abstract + references

Branquet, Y., Giard, D., Pavel, A., Martin-Izard, A. & Piat, D.H. (1998). Oxygen isotope systematics of emerald - relevance for its origin and geological significance. Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 33, Issue 5 (July), pp. 513-519. abstract

Clayton, R.N. & Mayeda, T.K. (1963). The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 27, Issue 1 (January), pp. 43-52. abstract

Clayton, R.N., O'Neil, J.R. & Mayeda, T.K. (1972). Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 77, Issue 17 (June), pp. 3057–3067. abstract

Clayton, R.N., GoldSmith, J.R. & Mayeda, T.K. (1989). Oxygen isotope fractionation in quartz, albite, anorthite and calcite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 53, Issue 3 (March), pp. 725-733. abstract

Craig, H. (1957). Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 12, Issues 1-2, pp. 133–149. abstract

Dilles, J.H., Snee, L.W. & Laurs, B.M. (1994). Geology, Ar-Ar age and stable isotopes chemistry of suture-related emerald mineralization, Swat, Pakistan, Himalayas. GSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, USA, Abstracts, Vol. 26, No. 7, p. A-311.

Fallick, A.E. & Barros, J.G. (1987). A stable-isotope investigation into the origin of beryl and emerald from the Porangatu deposits, Goias State, Brazil. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section, Vol. 66, Issues 3-4 (December), pp. 293–300. abstract

Fallick, A.E., Schorscher, H.D., Machado, G.A.A., Monteiro, M.M.G. & Ellam, R.M. (1994). A review of stable isotope (δ¹⁸O, δD) studies of emerald deposits in Brazil. Annual Meeting Mineral Deposits Study Group, Exeter, Great Britain, 411 p.

Faure, G. (1986). Principles of Isotope Geology. 2^nd Edition. Wiley, New York, 608 p. ISBN 978-0471864127.

Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A. & Vidal, Ph. (1995b). La datation isotopique des gemmes. Analysis Magazine, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. M34-M37 (in French). abstract

Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A., Arboleda, C., Rueda, F. & Baker, J. (1995a). An evaporitic origin of the parent brines of Colombian emeralds: fluid inclusion and sulphur isotope evidence. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 151-165.

Giuliani, G., France-Lanord, C., Zimmermann, J-L., Cheilletz, A., Arboleda, C., Charoy, B., Coget, P., Fontan, F. & Giard, D. (1997c). Composition of fluids, δD of channel H₂O and δ¹⁸O of lattice oxygen in beryls: genetic implications for Brazilian, Colombian and Afghanistani emerald deposits. International Geology Review, Vol. 39, Issue 5 (July), pp. 400-424. abstract

Giuliani, G., Sheppard, S.M.F., Cheilletz, A. & Rodriguez, C.T. (1992). Fluid inclusions and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O, ¹³C/¹²C isotope geochemistry: Contribution to the genesis of emerald deposits from the Oriental Cordillera of Colombia. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, No. 314, Série II, pp. 269-274 (in French; abstract and abridged version in English).

Kyser, T.K. (1986). Stable isotope variations in the mantle. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 141-164.

Matthews, A. (1979). Oxygen isotope equilibration systematics between quartz and water. American Mineralogist, Vol. 64, pp. 232-240. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Matsuhisa, Y., GoldSmith, J.R. & Clayton, R.N. (1979). Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthosite-water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 43, Issue 7 (July), pp. 1131–1140. abstract

McCrea, J.M. (1950). On isotope chemistry of carbonates and a paleotemperature scale. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, pp. 849–857. abstract

O'Neil, J.R. & Taylor, H.P., Jr. (1969). Oxygen isotope equilibrium between muscovite and water. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 74, No. 25 (November), pp. 6012–6022.

Sheppard, S.M.F. (1986). Characterization and isotopic variations in natural waters. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 165-183.

Taylor, R.P., Fallick, A.E. & Breaks, F.W. (1992). Volatile evolution in archean rare-element granitic pegmatites: evidence from the hydrogen isotopic composition of channel H₂O in beryl. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 30, pp. 877-893. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Localities

Africa

Dirlam, D.M., Misiorowski, E.B. & Tozer, R., Stark, K.B. & Bassett, A.M. (1992). Gem wealth of Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 80–102.

Hänni, H.A. (1991). The case for blue-green emerald. Jewellery News Asia, July 1991, p. 88, 90. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Hänni, H.A. (1992a). Blue-green emerald from Nigeria - A consideration of terminology. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 16-18. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Henn, U. & Bank, H. (1991). Aussergewöhnliche smaragde aus Nigeria. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 181-187 (in German).

Kanis, J. & Harding, R. (1990). Gemstone prospects in Central Nigeria. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 195-202.

Keller, P.C. (1992). Gemstones of East Africa. Geoscience Press, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A., 144 p. ISBN 978-0945005087.

Poujol, M., Respaut, J.P., Robb, L.J. & Anhaeusser, C.R. (1997). New U-Pb-Pb data on the Murchinson greenstone belt, South Africa and their implications for the origin of the Witwatersrand basin. Economic geology research unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Information circular, Vol. 319, 21 p.

Schwarz, D., Kanis, J. & Kinnaird, J. (1996). Emerald and green beryl from central Nigeria. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 117-141.

Australia

Brown, G. (1984). Australia’s first emeralds. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 19, pp. 320-335.

Garstone, J.D. (1981). The geological setting and origin of emeralds from Menzies, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 64, pp. 53-64.

Graindorge, J.M. (1974). A gemmological study of emerald from Poona, Western Australia. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 12, pp. 75-80.

Grundmann, G. & Morteani, G. (1995). Ein neues vorkommen von smaragd, alexandrit, rubin und saphir in einem topas-führenden phlogopit-fels von Poona, Cue District, West-Australien. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 44, No. 2-3, pp. 11-31 (in German).

Guj, P. (1994). Gemstones in Western Australia. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Department of Mines and Energy, Perth, WA, Australia, 64 p. ISBN 0 7309 0882 8.

Schwarz, D. (1991b). Die chemischen eigenschaften der smaragde II, Australien und Norwegen. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 39-66 (in German).

Pearson, G. (1992). Torrington emerald. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 18, pp. 47-49.

Schmetzer, K. (1994). Torrington emerald update. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 18, pp. 318-319.

Schwarz, D. (1991a). Australian emeralds. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 17, No. 12, pp. 487-497.

Whitfield, G.B. (1975). Emerald occurrence near Menzies, Western Australia. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 12, pp.150-152.

Wyche, S. (2003). Menzies, WA. 2^nd Edition. Western Australia Geological Survey, 1:250 000 Geological Series Explanatory Notes, 38 p. ISBN 0 7307 8949 7.

Austria

Grundmann, G., Schäfer, W. & Hofer, H. (1991). Smaragde aus des Kesselklamm, eine interessante neuentdeckung im Untersulzbachtal. Lapis, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 37-47 (in German).

Grundmann, G. & Koller, F. (2003). Exkursion: Das Smaragdbergwerk im Habachtal, Land Salzburg, Österreich Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 148, pp. 317-343 (in German).
Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges. Contents

Nwe, Y.Y. & Grundmann, G. (1990). Evolution of metamorphic fluids in shear zones: The record from the emeralds of Habachtal, Tauern window, Austria. Lithos, Vol. 25, Issue 4 (November), pp. 281-303. abstract

Schäfer, V.W., Henn, U. & Schwarz, D. (1992). Smaragde aus der Kesselklamm, Untersulzbachtal, Österreich: vorkommen und Eigenschaften. Aufschluss, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 231-240 (in German).

Schwarz, D. (1991c). Die chemischen eigenschaften der smaragde III, Habachtal/Österreich und Uralgebirge/USSR. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 40, No. 2-3, pp. 103-143 (in German).

Brazil

Ali, S.H. & Dickinson DeLeon, S. (Not dated; Retrieved December 29^th 2013). Case Study: Brazil's Emeralds on Gems and the Environment

Barros, J.G.C. & Baskhara Rao, A. (1993). Emerald deposits in Archean greenstone belts, Goías, Brazil: geological framework and exploration guidelines In: Maurice, Y.T. (Editor) Proceedings of the Eighth Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, August 12-18, 1990, pp. 719-725. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany, 900 p. ISBN 978-3-510-65153-5.

Biondi, J.C. (1990). Depósitos de esmeralda de Santa Terezinha (GO). Revista Brazileira Geociêndas, Vol. 20, Issues 1-4, pp. 7-24 (in Portuguese; abstract in English).

Cassedanne, J.P. (1984). Las esmeraldas do Brasil. Brasil Relojoeiro e Joalheiro. Vol. 25, No. 283, pp. 76-82, Sao Paulo (in Portuguese).

Cassedanne, J.P. (1995). Les émeraudes du Brésil. ABC Mines, No. 7, pp. 25-35 (in French).

Cassedanne, J.P. & Barros, J.C. (1986). Quelques gîtes d’émeraude de Goías. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 88, pp. 9-12 (in French).

Cheilletz, A., Giuliani, G., Zimmermann, J-L. & Ribeiro-Althoff, A.M. (1995). Ages, geochemical signatures and origin of Brazilian and Colombian emerald deposits: a magmatic versus sedimentary model In: Pasava, J., Kribek, B. & Zak, K. (Editors) Mineral Deposits: From their origins to their environmental impact. Proceedings 3^rd Biennal SGA Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic, 28-31 August 1995, pp. 569-572. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1018 p. ISBN 90 5410550 X.

Cornejo, C. & Bartorelli, A. (2009). Minerals & Precious Stones of Brazil. Solaris Cultural Publications, São Paulo, Brazil, 704 p. ISBN 978-85-89820-08-0.
Featured chapters:
The legendary Serra das Esmeraldas, pp. 447-451.
The modern discovery of emeralds in Brazil, pp. 452-457.
The emerald mines of Bahia, pp. 455-457.
Santa Terezinha de Goiás, pp. 458-462.

Epstein, D.S. (1989). The Capoeirana emerald deposit near Nova Era, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 150-158.

Giuliani, G. (1997b). Genèse des gisements d’émeraude du Brésil et de Colombie. Thèse d’Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches “Géosciences”, CRPG | CNRS | ORSTOM | Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, 147 p.

Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A., Zimmermann, J.L., Ribeiro-Althoff, A.M., France-Lanord, C. & Féraud, G. (1997a). Les gisements d’émeraude du Brésil: Genèse et Typologie. Chronique de la Récherche Minière du BRGM, No. 526 (March), pp. 17-61 (in French).

Giuliani, G., Zimmermann, J-L. & Montigny, R. (1994). K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar evidence for a Transamazonian age (2030 - 1970 Ma) for the granites and emerald-bearing K-metasomatites from Campo Formoso and Carnaíba (Bahia, Brazil). Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2 (April), pp. 149-165.

Giuliani, G., Silva, L.J.H.D. & Couto, O. (1990). Origin of emerald deposits of Brazil. Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 25, Issue 1 (January), pp. 57-64. abstract + references

Hänni, A., Schwarz, D. & Fischer, M. (1987). The emeralds of the Belmont Mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 20, Nos. 7/8, pp. 446-456. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C. & Fritsch E. (1994). Emeralds from Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 49–50.

Lucas, A., Pay, D., McClure, S., Ribeiro, M., Hsu, T. & Padua, P. (2015). The Belmont Mine and an Emerald’s Journey from Mine to Market, published on www.gia.edu

Martins, S. (1994). Emerald quality and quantity up at Nova Era. ICA Gazette, August, p. 5.

McClure, S.F. (2015). Brazilian emeralds from the Belmont mine In: Proceedings: 34^th International Gemmological Conference IGC, Vilnius, Lithuania, 26-30 August 2015, pp. 80-84. The entire publication is available on www.igc-gemmology.net

Pay, D. (2015). New Production of Brazilian Emerald from Minas Gerais. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No 1 (Spring), pp. 72-73. Also published on www.gia.edu

Rudowski, L. (1989). Pétrologie et géochimie des granites transamazoniens de Campo Formoso et Carnaíba (Bahia, Brésil) et ses phlogopites à émeraude associées. PhD Dissertation, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, 291 p. (in French).

Rudowski, L., Giuliani, G. & Sabaté, P. (1987). Les phlogopitites à émeraude au voisinage des granites de Campo Formoso et Carnaîba (Bahia, Brésil). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, No. 301, Série II, pp. 1129-1134 (in French).

Ruskoné, E. (1997a). La mine d’émeraude de Belmont, à Itabira. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 132, pp. 4-6 (in French).

Sauer, D.A. (1982). Emeralds from Brazil In: Eash, D.M. (Ed.) International Gemological Symposium - Proceedings 1982, pp. xxx-xxx. GIA, Santa Monica, CA, USA, 567 p. ISBN 978-0873110112.

Schwarz, D. (1989). The discovery of a new emerald occurrence in Brazil: Capoeirana (Nova Era), Minas Gerais. The Australian Gemmologist, (February), pp. 4-5.

Schwarz, D. (1990). Die brasilianischen smaragde und ihre vorkommen: Santa Terezinha de Goías/Go. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 13-44 (in German).

Schwarz, D. & Eidt, T. (1989). The Brazilian emeralds and their occurences: Carnaiba, Bahia. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 474-486.

Schwarz, D., Eidt, T. & Couto, P.A. (1990). The Brazilian emeralds and their occurrences: Socotó, Bahia. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 147-163.

Schwarz, D., Hänni, H.A., Martin Jr., F.L. & Fischer, M. (1988). The emeralds of Fazenda Boa Esperanca, Taua, Ceara, Brazil: occurrence and properties. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 168-178. Also published on www.ssef.ch

de Souza, J.L., Mendes, J.C., da Silveira Bello, R.M., Svisero, D.P. & Valarelli, J.V. (1992). Petrographic and microthermometrical studies of emeralds in the 'Garimpo' of Capoeirana, Nova Era, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 27, Issue 2 (March), pp. 161-168.

Zwaan, J.C. Jacob, D.E., Häger, T., Cavalcanti Neto, M.T.O. & Kanis, J. (2012). Emeralds from the Fazenda Bonfim Region, Rio Grande Do Norte, Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 2-17.

China

Xue, G. & Marshall, D. (2007). Formational conditions for the Dyakou emerald occurrence, Southeastern Yunnan, China In: European Current Research on Fluid Inclusions (ECROFI-XIX) University of Bern, Switzerland, 17–20 July, 2007, p. O35. Abstract Volume, 88 p.

Xue, G., Marshall, D., Zhang, S., Ullrich, T.D., Bishop, T., Groat, L.A., Thorkelson, D.J., Giuliani, G. & Fallick, A.E. (2010). Conditions for Early Cretaceous Emerald Formation at Dyakou, China: Fluid Inclusion, Ar-Ar, and Stable Isotope Studies. Economic Geology, Vol. 105, No. 2, pp. 339-349. abstract

Colombia

Banks, B.A., Yardley, B.W.D., Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A. & Rueda, F. (1995). Chemistry and source of the high temperature brines in the Colombian emerald deposits. In: Pasava, J., Kribek, B. & Zak, K. (Editors) Mineral Deposits: From their origins to their environmental impact. Proceedings 3^rd Biennal SGA Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic, 28-31 August 1995, pp. 557-560. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1018 p. ISBN 90 5410550 X.

Beus, A.A. (1979). Sodium - a geochemical indicator of emerald mineralization in the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol., 11, Issue 2 (July), pp. 195-208. abstract

Bosshart, G. (1991a). Emeralds from Colombia (Parts 1, 2, 3). The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 355-361; pp. 409-425; pp. 500-503.

Bosshart, G. (1991b). Les émeraudes de Colombie. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 105, pp. 13-16; No. 106, pp. 19-24; No. 107, pp. 7-11 (in French).

Cheilletz, A. & Giuliani, G. (1996). The genesis of Colombian emeralds: a restatement. Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 31, Issue 5 (July), pp. 359-364. abstract + references

Cheilletz, A., Féraud, G., Giuliani, G. & Rodriguez, C.T. (1991). ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar laser-probe dating of the Colombian emerald deposits: metallogenic implications In: Pagel, M. & Leroy, J. (Editors) Source, transport and deposition of metals. Proceedings of the 25 years SGA Anniversary Meeting, Nancy, 30 August - 3 September 1991, pp. 373-376. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 841 p. ISBN 90-5410 0206.

Cheilletz, A., Féraud, G., Giuliani, G. & Rodriguez, C.T. (1994). Time-pressure-temperature formation of Colombian emerald: an ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar laser-probe and fluid inclusion-microthermometry contribution. Economic Geology, Vol. 89, Issue 2 (April), pp. 361-380.

Cheilletz, A., Giuliani, G., Branquet, Y., Laumonier, B., Sanchez, A.J.M., Féraud, G. & Arhan, T. (1996). Datation K/Ar et ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar à (65 ± 3) Ma des gisements d’émeraudes du district de Chivor-Macanal: argument en faveur d’une déformation précoce dans la Cordillière orientale de Colombie. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, Vol. 5, No. 324, Série IIa, pp. 369-377 (in French).

Clements, T. (1941). The Emerald Mines of Muzo, Colombia, South America. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 3, No. 9 (Spring), pp. 130-134.

Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A. & Rueda, F. (1996). La formation des gisements d’émeraudes de Colombie. ORSTOM Actualités, No. 50, pp. 17-24 (in French).

Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A., Arboleda, C., Rueda, F., Carillo, V. & Baker, J. (1995a). An evaporitic origin of the parent brines of Colombian emeralds: fluid inclusion and sulphur isotopic evidence. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 151-166.

Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A., France-Lanord, C. & Rueda, F. (1996a). The role of organic matter in high temperature hydrothermal regimes In: Proceedings of the 3^rd International Symposium of Andean Geodynamics (ISAG), St.-Malo, France, 17-19 September 1996, pp. 683-686.

Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A., Rueda, F., Féraud, G. & France-Lanord, C. (1995b). The genesis of Colombian emerald deposits: a unique example of beryllium mineralization developped in a black shale environment. In: Pasava, J., Kribek, B. & Zak, K. (Editors) Mineral Deposits: From their origins to their environmental impact. Proceedings 3^rd Biennal SGA Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic, 28-31 August 1995, pp. 943-946. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1018 p. ISBN 90 5410550 X.

Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A., Féraud, G., Zimmerman, J.-L., Carillo, V., Rueda, F., Baker, J. & Montigny, R. (1994). Age and sulphur isotope signatures of Brazilian and Colombian emeralds. Actas, Vol. 2, pp. 1491-1495.

Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A., Sheppard, S.M.F. & Arboleda, C. (1993b). Geochemistry and origin of the emerald deposits of Colombia In: Fenoll Hach-Ali, Torres-Ruiz, J. & Gervilla, F. (Editors) Current research in geology applied to ore deposits. Proceedings 2^nd Biennal SGA Meeting, Granada, 9-11 September 1993, University of Granada, pp. 105-108. Dep. Mineralogía y Petrología Fac. Ciencias, Granada, Spain, 785 p. ISBN 84-338-1772-8.

Giuliani, G., Rodriguez, C.T. & Rueda, F. (1990b). Les gisements de la Cordillière orientale de Colombie: nouvelles données métallogéniques. Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 25, Issue 2 (May), pp. 105-111. abstract + references

Goubert, D. (2011). La variation de la couleur de l'émeraude de Colombie en fonction des différents gisements. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes (in French).

Gübelin, E.J. (1940). Differentiation Between Russian and Colombian Emeralds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 3, No. 6 (Summer), pp. 89-92.

Jarry, A. (1995). Coscuez, mine d’émeraudes colombiennes. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 123, pp. 9-11 (in French).

Kozlowski, A., Metz, P. & Jaramillo, H.A.E. (1988). Emeralds from Somondoco, Colombia: chemical composition, fluid inclusions and origin. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 159, No. 1, pp. 23-49. abstract

Laumonier, B., Branquet, Y., Lopès, B., Cheilletz, A., Giuliani, G. & Rueda, F. (1996). Mise en évidence d’une tectonique compressive Eocène-Oligocène dans l’Ouest de la Cordillère orientale de Colombie, d’après la structure en duplex des gisements d’émeraude de Muzo et de Coscuez. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, No. 323, Série IIa, pp. 705-712 (in French; abstract and abridged version in English).

MacFadden, C.K. (1934). Emerald Mining in Colombia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 1, No. 6 (November-December), pp. 149-154.

Ottaway, T.L., Wicks, F.J., Bryndzia, L.T., Kyser, T.K. & Spooner, E.T.C. (1994). Formation of the Muzo hydrothermal emerald deposit in Colombia. Nature, Vol. 369 (June), pp. 552-554. abstract + references

Oppenheim, V. (1948). The Muzo emerald zone, Colombia S.A. Economic Geology, Vol. 43, No. 1 (January), pp. 31–38. abstract

Pogue, J.E. (1916a). The emerald deposits of Muzo. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. 55, pp. 910-934. Also published on www.palagems.com

Pogue, J.E. (1916b). The emerald deposits in spanish America. Bulletin of the Pan American Union, Vol. 43, pp. 706-720.

Ringsrud, R. (1986). The Cosquez Mine: A major sorce of Colombian emeralds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 67-79.

Schwarz, D. (1992). The chemical properties of Colombian emeralds. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 225-233.

Vuillet, P., Giuliani, G., Fischer, J.C. & Chiappero, P.-J. (2002). Les émeraudes de Gachala, Colombie. Historique, genèse et découvertes paléontologiques. Le Règne Minéral, No. 46 (July-August), pp. 5-18.

Zimmermann, J.L., Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A. & Arboleda, C. (1997). Mineralogical significance of fluids in channels of Colombian emeralds: a mass-spectroscopic study. International Geology Review, Vol. 39, Issue 5, pp. 425-437. abstract

Egypt

Chauvet, M. (1989). Frédéric CAILLAUD. Les aventures d’un naturaliste en Egypte et au Soudan. 1815-1822. ACL Editions, Société Crocus, St.-Sébastien-sur-Loire, 373 p. ISBN 978-2-7373-1892-4.
Note: account on the rediscovery of the emerald mines of Mt. Zabarah, Egypt.

Grubessi, O., Aurisicchio, C. & Castiglioni, A. (1990). The Pharaoh’s forgotten emerald mines. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 164-177.

Grundmann, G. & Morteani, G. (1993a). “Smaragdminen der Cleopatra”: Zabara, Sikait und Umm Kabo in Ägypten. Lapis, No. 7-8, pp. 27-39 (in German).

Grundmann, G. & Morteani, G. (1993b). Emerald formation during regional metamorphism: Zabara, Sikait and Umm Kabo deposits (Eastern Desert, Egypt) In: Thorweihe, U. & Sandelmeier, H. (Editors) Geoscientific Research in Northeast Africa, pp. 495-498. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 793 p., ISBN 9789054103189.

Grundmann, G. & Morteani, G. (2008). Multi-stage emerald formation during Pan-African regional metamorphism: The Zabara, Sikait, Umm Kabo deposits, South Eastern desert of Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 50, Issues 2–4 (February), pp. 168–187. abstract

Hassan, M.A. & El-Shatoury, H.M. (1976). Beryl Occurrences in Egypt. Mining Geology, Vol. 26, pp. 253-262.

Hussein, A.A. (1990). Beryl occurrences in Egypt In: Rushdi, S. (Ed.) The Geology of Egypt, pp. 537-539. 2^nd Edition. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, x + 734 p. ISBN 90-6191-856-1.

Jennings, R.H., Kammerling, R.C., Kovaltchouk, A., Calderon, G.P., El Baz, M.K. & Koivula, J.I. (1993). Emeralds and green beryls of Upper-Egypt. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 100-115.

India

Choudhary, G. (2015). Emeralds from Jharkhand, India: An update In: Proceedings: 34^th International Gemmological Conference IGC, Vilnius, Lithuania, 26-30 August 2015, pp. 139-142. The entire publication is available on www.igc-gemmology.net

Crookshank, H. (1947). Emeralds in Mawar. Indian Minerals, Vol. 1, pp. 27-30.

Gupta, S.N., Arora, Y.K., Mathur, R.K., Iqbqluddin, B.P., Sahai, T.N. & Sharma, S.B. (1981). Explanatory brochure to the geological map of the Aravalli Region, southern Rajasthan and northeastern Gujarat. GSI publication, Hyderabad.

Panjikar, J., Ramchandran, K.T. & Balu, K. (1996). Nouveaux gisements d’émeraude de l’Inde. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 129, pp. 7-10 (in French).

Roy, B.C. (1955). Emerald deposits in Mewar and Ajmer-Merwana. Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 377-401.

Sinha-Roy, S., Malthora, G. & Guha, D.B. (1995). A transect across Rajasthan Precambrian terrain in relation to Geology, Tectonics and crustal evolution of South-Central Rajasthan In: Sinha-Roy, S. & Gupta, K.R. (Eds.) Continental Crust of NW and Central India, Vol. 31, pp. 63–89. Geolological Survey of India, Memoir.

Ireland

Hall, A. & Walsch, J.N. (1971). The beryls of the Rosses district, Donegal. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 38, p. 328-334. Mineralogical Magazine Tables of Contents

Sanders, I.S. & Doff, D.H. (1991). A blue sodic beryl from southeast Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 55, 167-172. Mineralogical Magazine Tables of Contents

Madagascar

Besairie, H. (1964). Carte Géologique de Madagascar 1/1.000.000. Geological Survey of Madagascar, Antananarivo, 3 p.

Besairie, H. (1964). La Géologie de Madagascar en 1946. Annales Géologiques de Service des Mines, fascicule n° XII. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, France, 32 p. (in French)

Campbell, C.C. (1991). A report on one of a number of emeralds from Madagascar. South African Gemmologist, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 8-15.

Delbos, L. & Rantoanina, M. (1996). Les gisements d’émeraude et de saphir de Madagascar. Chronique de la Récherche Minière du BRGM, No. 525, pp. 54-58 (in French).

Hänni, H.A. &, Klein, H.H. (1982). Ein Smaragdvorkommen in Madagascar. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 31, p. 71-77 (in German; abstract in English). Also published on www.ssef.ch

Kleyenstüber, A. (1991). Observations in a Madagascar emerald and their possible implications. South African Gemmologist, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 4-9.

Lacroix, A. (1922, 1923). Minéralogie de Madagascar. Société d’Editions Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales, Augustin Challamel, Paris, 3 vols.; Vol. I: Géologie, Minéralogie descriptive, 624 pp.; Vol. II: Minéralogie appliquée, Lithologie, 694 pp.; Vol. III: Lithologie, Appendice, Index Géographique, 450 p. (in French).

Levat, M.D. (1912). Richesses minérales de Madagascar. H. Dunot & E. Pinat, Paris, France, xvi + 359 p.

Marchand, P. (1995). Situation géologique des émeraudes de Ianapera, province de Tuléar (Madagascar). Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 124, pp. 13-16 (in French).

Ranorosoa, N. (1993). Etude du gisement d'émeraude de Mananjary (Madagascar). Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes (in French).

Ranorosoa, N. (1996). Notes sur le gisement d’émeraude de Mananjary (Madagascar). Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 127, pp. 4-5 (in French).

Schwarz, D. (1994). Emeralds from the Mananjary Region, Madagascar: Internal Features. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 88-101.

Schwarz, D. & Henn, U. (1992). Emeralds from Madagascar. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 140-149.

Thomas, A. (1993). The emerald mines of Madagascar. South African Gemmologist, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 3 - 11.

Norway

Swat Valley, Pakistan

Bowersox, G.W. & Anwar, J. (1989). The Gujar Kili emerald deposit, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Fall), pp. 16–24.

Davies, R.G. (1962). A green beryl (emerald) near Mingora, Swat State. Geological Bulletin of the Punjab University, Vol. 2, pp. 51–52.

Gübelin, E.J. (1982). Gemstones of Pakistan: emerald, ruby and spinel. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 123–139.

Gübelin, E.J. (1989). Gemological charateristics of Pakistani emeralds In: Kazmi, A.H. & Snee, L.W. (Eds.) Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemology, and Genesis, pp. 75-92. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 269 p. ISBN 978-0-442-30328-0.

Hammarstrom, J.M. (1989). Mineral chemistry of emeralds and some associated minerals from Pakistan and Afghanistan: an electron probe study In: Kazmi, A.H. & Snee, L.W. (Eds.) Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemology, and Genesis, pp. 125–150. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 269 p. ISBN 978-0-442-30328-0.

Hussain, S.S., Chaudhry, M.N. & DaWood, H. (1993). Emerald mineralization of Barang, Bajaur Agency, Pakistan. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 402-408.

Jan, M.Q. (1968). Petrography of the emerald-bearing rocks of Mingora (Swat State) and Prang Ghar (Mohmand Agency) West Pakistan. Geological Bulletin University Peshawar, Vol. 3, pp. 10-11.

Jan, M.Q., Kamal, M. & Khan, M.I. (1981). Tectonic control over emerald mineralization in Swat. Geological Bulletin University Peshawar, Vol. 14, pp. 101–109.

Kazmi, A.H. & Snee, L.W. (1989). Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemology, and Genesis. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 269 p. ISBN 978-0-442-30328-0.

Kazmi, A.H., Anwar, J., Hussain, S., Khan, T. & DaWood, H. (1989). Emerald deposits of Pakistan In: Kazmi, A.H. & Snee, L.W. (Eds.) Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemology, and Genesis, pp. 39–74. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 269 p. ISBN 978-0-442-30328-0.

Laurs, B.M., Dilles, J.H. & Snee, L.W. (1996). Emerald mineralization and metasomatism of amphibolite, Khaltaro granitic pegmatite hydrothermal vein system, Haramosh Mountains, northern Pakistan. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 34, pp. 1253-1286. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Laurs, B.M., Dilles, J.H., Wairrach, Y., Kausar, A.B. & Snee, L.W. (1998). Geological setting and petrogenesis of symmetrically zoned miarolitic granitic pegmatites at Stak Nala, Nanga Parbat, Haramosh Massif, northern Pakistan. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 36, Part 1, pp. 1-47. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Lawrence, R.D., Kazmi, A.H. & Snee, L.W. (1989). Geological setting of the emerald deposits In: Kazmi, A.H. & Snee, L.W. (Eds.) Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemology, and Genesis, pp. 13–38. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 269 p. ISBN 978-0-442-30328-0.

Maluski, H. & Matte, P. (1984). Ages of alpine tectonometamorphic events in the northwestern Himalaya (northern Pakistan) by the ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar method. Tectonophysics, Vol. 3, Issue 1 (February), pp. 1–18. abstract

Seal, R.R. (1989). A reconnaissance study of the fluid inclusion geochemistry of the emerald deposits of Pakistan and Afghanistan In: Kazmi, A.H. & Snee, L.W. (Eds.) Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemology, and Genesis, pp. 151–164. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 269 p. ISBN 978-0-442-30328-0.

Snee, L. W. & Kazmi, A.H. (1989). Origin and classification of Pakistani and world emerald deposits In: Kazmi, A.H. & Snee, L.W. (Eds.) Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemology, and Genesis, pp. 229–236. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 269 p. ISBN 978-0-442-30328-0.

Snee, L.W., Foord, E.E., Hill, B. & Carter, S.J. (1989). Regional chemical differences among emerald and host rocks of Pakistan and Afghanistan: Implications for the origin of emerald In: Kazmi, A.H. & Snee, L.W. (Eds.) Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemology, and Genesis, pp. 93–124. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 269 p. ISBN 978-0-442-30328-0.

Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan

Bowersox, G. & Chamberlin, B. (1995). Gemstones of Afghanistan. Geoscience Press, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A., 220 p. ISBN 978-0945005193. www.gems-afghan.com

Bowersox, G.W., Snee, L.W., Foord, E.E. & Seal II, R.R. (1991). Emeralds of the Pansjir Valley, Afghanistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 26-39.

Chamberlin, B. (1990). Promotions are the name of the game - The Afghan connection... Gemstones from Afghanistan. JQ Magazine, No. 31, pp. 42-47.

Elphenstone, M. (1815). Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India Comprising a View of the Afghaun Nation and a History of the Dooraunee Monarchy. Republished in 2011 by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 740 p. ISBN 9781108036719.

Portugal

Charoy, B. & Noronha, F. (1996). Multistage growth of rare-element, volatile-rich microgranite at Argemela (Portugal). Journal of Petrology, Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 73-94. abstract

Franz, G., Gilg, H.A., Grundmann, G. & Morteani, G. (1996). Metasomatisme at a granitic pegmatite-dunite contact in Galicia: the Franqueira occurrence of chrysoberyl (alexandrite), emerald, phenakite: discussion. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 34, pp. 1329-1331. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Marcos-Pascual, C. & Moreiras, D.B. (1997). Characterization of alexandrite, emerald and phenakite from Franqueira (NW Spain). The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 340-357.

Martin-Izard, A., Paniagua, A., Moreiras, D., Acevedo, R.D. & Marcos-Pascual, C. (1996). Metasomatism at a granitic pegmatite-dunite contact in Galicia: the Franqueira occurrence of chrysoberyl (alexandrite), emerald, phenakite: reply. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 34, pp. 1332-1336. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Martin-Izard, A., Paniagua, A. & Moreiras, D. (1995). Metasomatism at a granitic pegmatite-dunite contact in Galicia: the Franquiera occurrence of chrysoberyl (alexandrite), emerald and phenakite. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 33, pp. 775-792. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Ural Mountains, Russia

Gübelin, E.J. (1940). Differentiation Between Russian and Colombian Emeralds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 3, No. 6 (Summer), pp. 89-92.

Laskovenkov, A.F. & Zhernakov, V.I. (1995). An update on the Ural emerald mines. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 31, No.2 (Summer), pp. 106-113.

Pekov, I.V. (Editor) (2009). Mineralogical Almanac. Ural Emerald Mines: Notes on Mineralogy, Vol. 14, Issue 2. Altum, Moscow, Russia | Ocean Pictures, Littleton, CO, U.S.A., 125 p. ISBN 5-900395-07-3.

Schmetzer, K., Bernhardt, H.J. & Biehler, R. (1991). Emeralds from the Ural Mountains, USSR. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 86-99.

Shernakov, W.I. & Laskovenkov, A.F. (1991). Grosse smaragdkristalle aus dem gruben des Ural, USSR. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 189-195 (in German).

Zambia

Schmetzer, K. & Bank, H. (1981). An unusual pleochroism in zambian emeralds. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 443-446.

Seifert, A.V., Žáček, V., Vrána, S., Pecina, V., Zachariáš, J. & Zwaan, J.C. (2004). Emerald mineralization in the Kafubu area, Zambia. Bulletin of Geosciences, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 1–40.

Zwaan, J.C., Seifert, A.V., Vrána, S., Laurs, B.M., Anckar, B., Simmons, W.B., Falster, A.U., Lustenhouwer, W.J., Muhlmeister, S., Koivula, J. & Garcia-Guillerminet, H. (2005). Emeralds from the Kafubu area, Zambia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 116-148.

Zimbabwe

Anderson, S.M. (1976). A note on the occurrence of emerald at Mayfield farm, Fort Victoria, Rhodesia. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 80-82.

Anderson, S.M. (1978). Notes on the occurrence and mineralogy of emeralds in Rhodesia. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 177-185.

Böhmke, F.C. (1982). Emeralds at Sandawana In: Gemstones, Report of the Sixth Annual Commodity Meeting, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (IMM), London, U.K., pp. A110 - A122.

Gübelin, E.J. (1958). Emeralds from Sandawana. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 6, No. 8, pp. 340-354.

Kanis, J., Arps, C.E.S. & Zwaan, P.C. (1991). ‘Machingwe’: a new emerald deposit in Zimbabwe. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 264-272.

Mkweli, S., Kamber, B. & Berger, M. (1995). Westward continuation of the craton-Limpopo belt tectonic break in Zimbabwe and new age constraints on the timing of the thrusting. Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 152, pp. 77-83. abstract

Rollinson, H. & Blenkinsop, T. (1995). The magmatic, metamorphic and tectonic evolution of the Northern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo belt in Zimbabwe. Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 152, pp. 65-75. abstract

Zwaan, J.C., Kanis, J. & Petsch, E.J. (1997). Update on Emeralds from the Sandawana Mines, Zimbabwe. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 80-100.

LaGrange, J.M. (1938). South African Emeralds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 2, No. 9 (Spring), p. 146.

Spectroscopy

Adams, D.M. & Gardner, I.R. (1974). Single-crystal vibrational spectra of beryl and dioptase. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, Issue 14, pp. 1502-1505. abstract

Aurisicchio, C., Grubessi, O. & Zecchini, P. (1994). Infrared spectroscopy and crystal chemistry of the beryl group. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 32, pp. 55-68. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Banerjee, A. (1995). Investigation of fluid inclusions in emeralds of different geological origin by microchemical analysis and IR-reflexion spectroscopy. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 18-19.

Calas, G. (1987). Méthodes spectroscopiques appliquées aux minéraux. Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, Paris, France. Vol. 1: pp. 1-428; Vol. 2: pp. 429-680.

Charoy, B., de Donato, P., Barres, O. & Pinto-Coelho, C. (1996). Channel occupancy in an alkali-poor beryl from Serra Branca (Goiás, Brazil): spectroscopic characterization. American Mineralogist, Vol. 81, pp. 395-403. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

de Donato, P., Cheilletz, A., Barres, O. & Yvon, J. (2004). Infrared Spectroscopy of OD Vibrators in Minerals at Natural Dilution: Hydroxyl Groups in Talc and Kaolinite, and Structural Water in Beryl and Emerald. Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 58, No. 5 (May), pp. 521-527. abstract

Dele-Dubois, M.L., Poirot, J.P. & Schnubel, H.J. (1980). Identification de micro-inclusions dans des rubis et émeraudes de synthèse par spectroscopie Raman. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 88, pp. 15-17.

Fritsch, E. & Rossmann, G.R. (1990). New technologies of the 1980s: their impact in gemology. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 64-75.

Fritsch, E. & Stockton, C.M. (1987). Infrared spectroscopy in gem identification. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 18-26.

Gervais, F. & Piriou, B. (1972). Etudes des spectres de réflexion infrarouge du béryl dans la région 280-1400 cm^-1. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, No. 274, Série B, pp. 252-255.

Hänni, H.A., Kiefert, L. & Chalain, J-P. (1996). How to identify fillings in emeralds using Raman spectroscopy. Jewellery News Asia, pp. 154-156. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Hänni, H.A., Kiefert, L., Chalain, J.P. & Wilcock, I. (1997). A Raman microscope in the gemmological laboratory: First experiences of application. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 394-406. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Hänni, H.A., Kiefert, L., Chalain, J-P. & Wilcock, I.C. (1996). Ein Renishaw Raman mikroskop im gemmologischen labor: Erste Erfahrungen bei der Anwendung. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 55-69.

Hodgkinson, A. (1995). The Hanneman-Hodgkinson synthetic emerald filter. The Canadian Gemmologist, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 18-22.

Leung, C.S., Mérigoux, H., Poirot, J.P. & Zecchini, P. (1982). Use of infrared spectrometry in gemmology. In: Mincheva-Stefanova, I. & Bonev, I. (Editors) (1986) Crystal Chemistry of Minerals. Proceedings of the 13^th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA): Varna, Sofia Bulgaria, September 19-25, 1982, pp. 441-448. Publishing House of The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 975 p.

Leung, C.S., Mérigoux, H., Poirot, J.P. & Zecchini, P. (1983). Sur l’identification des pierres fines et de synthèse par spectroscopie infrarouge. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 75, pp. 14-15 (in French).

Martin, F., Mérigoux, H. & Zecchini (1989). Reflectance infrared spectroscopy in gemology. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 226-231.

Ostertag, T. (1996). Spezielle Anwendung de Raman-Spektroskopie in der Gebieten der Mineralogie, Petrologie und Gemmologie. Diplomarbeit, Freiburg im Breisbau (in German).

Pinet, M., Smith, D. & Lasnier, B. (1992). Utilité de la microsonde Raman pour l’identififcation non destructive des gemmes. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. Hors-série, pp. 11-61.

Platonov, A.N., Dorfman, M.D., Taran, M.N. & Taraschan, A.N. (1978). Spectroscopical investigation of emeralds from various deposites. Constitution and Properties of Minerals, Vol. 12, pp. 115-121 (in Russian)

Wood, D.L. & Nassau, K. (1968). The characterization of beryl and emerald by visible and infrared absorption spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, Vol. 53, pp. 777-800 American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Pohnalo, J. (1989). Mikrospektralphotometrie des Edelstein-Kathodolumineszenz. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 38, pp. 63-84 (in German).

Schmetzer, K. (1989). Types of water in natural and synthetic emerald. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, Vol. 1, pp. 15-26.

Schmetzer, K. & Kiefert, L. (1990). Water in beryl: A contribution to the separability of natural and synthetic emeralds by infrared spectroscopy. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 215-223.

Schrader, H.W. (1983). Contributions to the study of the distinction of natural and synthetic emeralds. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 422-434.

Sherriff, B.L., Grundy, D.H., Hartman, J.S., Hawthorne, F.C. & Černy, P. (1991). The incorporation of alkalis in beryl: Multi-nuclear MAS-NMR and crystal structure study. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 29, pp. 271-285. The Canadian Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Stockton, C.M. (1987). The separation of natural from synthetic emeralds by infrared spectroscopy. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 96-99.

Sunagawa, I. (1964). A distinction between natural and synthetic emeralds. American Mineralogist, Vol. 49, pp. 785-792. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Vierne, R. & Brunel, R. (1969). Spectres de réflexion infrarouge de minéraux monocristallins ou en poudre. Bulletin de la Sociéte Française de Minéralogie et Cristallographie, Vol. 92, pp. 409-419 (in French).

Wickersheim, K.A. & Buchanan, R.A. (1959). The near infrared spectrum of beryl. American Mineralogist, Vol. 44, pp. 440-445. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Wood, D.L. & Nassau, K. (1967). Infrared spectra of foreign molecules in beryl. Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 47, No. 7 (October), pp. 2220-2228. abstract

Wood, D.L. & Nassau, K. (1968). The Characterisation of beryl and emerald by visible and infrared absorption spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, Vol. 57, pp. 777-800. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Zecchini, P. (1979). Etude de l’absorption infrarouge du quarz d’origine naturelle ou de synthèse. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 60, pp. 14-19 (in French).

Zecchini, P. & Mérigoux, H. (1980). Etude de l’absorption infrarouge des quarz hyalins et colorés, naturels ou de synthèse: application à la gemmologie. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, No. 290, pp. 291-294 (in French).

Zimmermann, J.L., Jambon, A. & Guyetand, G. (1988). Manometric and mass spectrometric analysis of fluids in geological materials. Geochemical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 9-21. abstract

Synthetic Emeralds

Anonymous (1935). Synthetic Beryl. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 1, No. 10 (July-August), pp. 281-283.

Anonymous (1936). Confirms G.I.A. Synthetic Emerald Research. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Summer), p. 30.

Anonymous (1937). New Synthetic Emerald Developments. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 2, No. 8 (Winter), pp. 131-134.

Anonymous (1938). The Detection of Synthetic Emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 2, No. 10 (Summer), pp. 163-167.

Anonymous (1941). Synthetic Emerald on U.S. Market. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 3, No. 9 (Spring), p. 134.

Adamo, I., Pavese, A., Prosperi, L., Diella, V., Merlini, M., Gemmi, M. & Ajò, D. (2005). Characterization of the new Malossi hydrothermal synthetic emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Winter)pp. 328-338.

Anderson, B.W. (1935). Igmerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 1, No. 10 (July-August), pp. 284-285.

Attanasio, D., Flamini, A., Graziani, G., Martini, M. & Scandale, E. (1989). Further observations on the Lennix synthetic emerald. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 1-10 (in German).

Bank, H. & Henn, U. (1990). Further examinations on synthetic emerald overgrowths on colourless beryl seeds from Leichleitner. The Canadian Gemmologist, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 39-41.

Fritsch, E. (1996). Chinese synthetics: The Anonymous Crowd. JCK Magazine, March 1, 1996.

Fritsch, E., Muhlmeister, S. & Birkner, A. (1992). A preliminary study of the Biron synthetic pink titanium-beryl. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 81-82.

Fumey, P. (1984). Caractéristiques de l'émeraude synthétique LENNIX. Comparaison avec les différentes émeraudes naturelles et synthétiques. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes, 47 p. (in French). Published on www.gemnantes.fr

Geng, G.L. & Ou-Yang, C.M. (1995). How to identify synthetic emerald from China. Jewellery News Asia, No. 130, p. 92-94.

Graziani, G., Gübelin, E. & Martini, M. (1987). The Lennix synthetic emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 140-147.

Gübelin, E. (1987). Diagnose des nouvelles synthèses d’émeraude. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 92, pp. 5-7 & No. 93, pp. 7-11 (in French).

Gübelin, E.J. & Shipley, R.M., Jr. (1941). The Synthetic Emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 3, No. 10 (Summer), pp. 146-150.

Hänni, H.A. (1993). Hydrothermal synthetic emeralds from Australia: Emeralds and pink beryls. Swiss Watch & Jewelry Journal, (January), pp. 133-136. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Hänni, H.A. & Kiefert, L. (1994). AGEE hydrothermal synthetic emeralds. JewelSiam, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 80-85. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Hänni, H.A. & Kiefert, L. (1995). Premières études sur les émeraudes synthétiques hydrothermales japonaises AGEE. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 124, pp. 9-12 (in French).

Hautefeuille, P. & Perrey, A. (1888). Sur la reproduction de la phénacite et de l’émeraude. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, No. 106, pp. 1800-1802 (in French).

Henn, H. & Bank, H. (1993). Synthetic emerald overgrowths on beryl crystals. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 102-103.

Hosaka, M. (1991). Hydrothermal growth of gem stones and their characterization. Progress of crystal growth and characterization, Vol. 21, Issues 1-4 (December), pp. 71-96.

Kane, R.E. & Liddicoat Jr., R.T. (1985). The Biron hydrothermal synthetic emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 156-170.

Kiefert, L. & Schmetzer, K. (1991). The microscopic determination of structural properties for the characterization of optical unaxial natural and synthetic gemstones, Part 2: Examples for the applicability of structural features for the distinction of natural emerald from flux-grown and hydrothermally-grown synthetic emerald. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 427-438.

Koivula, J. (1986). Three-phase inclusions in “Regency” synthetic hydrothermal emerald. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 35, No. 3-4, pp. 97-99 (in German).

Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C., DeGhionno, D., Reinitz, I., Fritsch, E. & Johnson, M.L. (1996). Gemological investigation of a new type of Russian hydrothermal synthetic emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 32-39.

Lin, C. & Wu, S.T. (1996). Gemological properties of synthetic emeralds. Taiwan Jewelry, No. 25, pp. 130-132.

Mashkovtsev, R.I. & Solntsev, V.P. (2002). Channel constituents in synthetic beryl: ammonium. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 29, Issue 1 (February), pp. 65-71. abstract

Nan, J. (1996). A study on the controlling parameters in the flux growth process of emerald crystals. Master dissertation. National Chun Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (R.O.C.), 97 p.

Nassau, K. (1980). Synthetic gem materials in the 1980s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 50-63.

Park, J.S. (1998). Etude de la gemmologie en Corée du Sud: gemmes naturelles et synthétiques coréennes. Enseignement et situation de la gemmologie. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes, 69 p. (in French)

Robert, D. (1987). Synthèse de l’émeraude. Monde et Minéraux, Vol. 80, pp. 39-42 (in French).

Robert, D. (1989). Synthèses de l’émeraude. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 100, pp. 4-5 & No. 101, pp. 5-7 (in French).

Robert, D., Fritsch, E. & Koivula, J.I. (1990). “Emeraldolite”: a new synthetic emerald overgrowth on natural beryl. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 288-293.

Scarratt, K. (1994). Lab report: hydrothermal synthetic emerald. JewelSiam, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 67-68.

Schlossmacher, K. (1935). Synthetic Emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 1, No. 10 (July-August), pp. 283-284.

Schmetzer, K. (1988). Characterization of Russian hydrothermally-grown synthetic emeralds. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 145-164.

Schmetzer, K. (1988). Characterization of Russian hydrothermally-grown synthetic emeralds. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 21, No. x, pp. 145-164.

Schmetzer, K. (1990). Two remarkable Lechleitner synthetic emeralds. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 20-32.

Schmetzer, K. (1996). Growth method and growth-related properties of a new type of russian hydrothermal synthetic emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 40-43.

Schmetzer, K., Kiefert, L., Bernhardt, H-J. & Beili, Z. (1997). Characterization of chinese hydrothermal synthetic emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 276-291.

Secos, B. (1997). Identifying characteristics of hydrothermal synthetics. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp. 383-388.

Shipley, R.M. (1942). Synthetic Emeralds Appear Commercially in Small Quantities. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 40, 42.

Sosso, F. & Piacenza, B. (1995). Russian hydrothermal synthetic emeralds: characterization of the inclusions. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 501-507.

Spiesser, M. (1996). Naissance de la synthèse de gemmes à la fin du XIX^ième siècle. Sciences et techniques en perspectives, Vol. 34, Centre François Viète, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France. pp 75-78 (in French).

Stockton, C.M. (1984). The chemical distinction of natural from synthetic emeralds. Gems and Gemology, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 141-145.

Wild, G.O. (1935). Synthetic Emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 1, No. 10 (July-August), pp. 285-286.

Trapiche Emeralds

Befi, R. (2011). Trapiche Emerald Imitations. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 13, Issue 2 (February), pp. 68-69.

Bernauer, F. (1926). Die sogenannten Smaragddrillinge von Muzo und ihre optischen Anomalien. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie, Supplemental Vol. 54, Part A, pp. 205-242 (in German).

Bertrand, E. (1879). Compte-rendu de la séance du 13 Février 1879. Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie et Crystallographie, Vol. 2, p. 31. (in French).

Buerger, M.J. (1945). The Genesis of Twin Crystals. American Mineralogist, Vol. 30, Nos. 7/8, pp. 469-482. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Buerger, M.J. (1954). The stuffed derivatives of the silica structures. American Mineralogist, Vol. 39, pp. 600-614. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

DelRe, N. (1994). Gem trade lab notes: Emerald, trapiche from a new locality. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 116-117.

Dowty, E. (1976). Crystal structure and crystal growth: II. Sector zoning in minerals. American Mineralogist, Vol. 61, pp. 460-469. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Frondel, C., Newhouse, W.H. & Jarrell, R.F. (1942). Spatial distribution of minor elements in single-crystals. American Mineralogist, Vol. 27, pp. 726-745. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Hsu, T. (2013). Gem News International: Rare Double-Trapiche Emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 49, Issue 1, pp. xxx-xxx.

Koivula, J.I. (2008). Gem News International: Two unusual aquamarines. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 275-276.

Kitamura, M. & Yamada, H. (1987). Origin of sector trilling in cordierite in Daimonji hornfels, Kyoto, Japan. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 97, Issue 1 (September), pp. 1–6. abstract

Leiper, H. (1967). Rare trapiche emerald crystals show unique twinning evidence. The Lapidary Journal, Vol. 21, p. 565.

McKague, H.L. (1964). Trapiche emeralds from Colombia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 11, No. 7 (Fall), pp. 210-213, 223.

Muñoz, G. Otero (1948). Esmeraldas de Colombia. Bank of the Republic of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia, 133 p. (in Spanish)

Nassau, K. (1978). Wie Mahlwerke für Zuckerrohr: Trapiche Smaragde von Muzo / Kolumbien. Lapis, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 20-23. (In German).

Nassau, K. & Jackson, K.A. (1970). Trapiche Emeralds from Chivor and Muzo, Colombia. American Mineralogist, Vol. 55 (March-April), pp. 416-427. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Nassau, K. & Jackson, K.A. (1970). Trapiche Emeralds from Colombia: Correction. American Mineralogist, Vol.55 (September-October), pp. 1808-1809. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Nassau, K. & Jackson, K.A. (1970). Trapiche Emeralds from Chivor and Muzo, Colombia: nature and origin. The Lapidary Journal, Vol. 24, p. 82, pp. 84-86.

Ohnenstetter, D., Garnier, V., Giuliani, G. & Blanc, P. (2003). Trapiche texture in precious gemstones, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (presentation).

Overton, T.W. (2005). Gem News International: Unusual trapiche emerald earrings. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Winter), p. 352.

Petreus I. (1974). The divided structure of crystals, II. Secondary structures and habits. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. 122, No. 3, pp. 314-338.

Petreus, I. (1978). The divided structure of crystals I. Lineage and sectoral structure in pyrite and beryl. American Mineralogist, Vol. 63, pp. 725-731. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Pignatelli, I., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Agrosì, G., Mathieu, S., Morlot, C. & Branquet, Y. (2015). Colombian Trapiche Emeralds: Recent Advances in Understanding Their Formation. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 222-259. Also published on www.gia.edu

Pogue, J.E. (1916). The emerald in Spanish America. Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, Washington, D.C., Vol. 42, pp. 706-720.

Pogue, J.E. (1916). The emerald deposits of Muzo, Colombia. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Vol. 55, pp. 910-934.

Rakovan, J. (2007). "Sakura Ishi" from Kameoka, Japan: Mica pseudomorphs of complex cordierite-indialite intergrowths. New Mexico Mineral Symposium, November 10-11. abstract

Rakovan, J., Kitamura, M. & Tamada, O. (2006). Mica Pseudomorphs of Complex Cordierite-Indialite Intergrowths from Kameoka, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Rocks & Minerals, Vol. 81, No. 4 (July/August), pp. 284– 292.

Ringsrud, R. (2008). Collecting Mineral Specimens and Other Rarities: Trapiche Emerald In: Emeralds A passionate Guide - The Emeralds, The People, Their Secrets, pp. 344-346. Greenview Press, Oxnard, CA, USA, 382 p. ISBN 978-0-9822627-5-7. www.emeraldmine.com

Sahama, T.G. (1966). Polygonal growth of beryl. Bulletin de la Commission Geologique de Finlande, Vol 222, No. 38, pp. 31-41. abstract

Schiffman, C.A. (1968). Unusual emeralds. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 11, pp. 105-114.

Sinkankas, J. (1981). Trapiche emeralds In: Emerald and other beryls, pp. 262-264. Chilton Book Company, Radnor, Pennsylvania & Nelson Canada Limited, Scarborough, Ontario, 665 p. ISBN 0-8019-7114-4.

Smith, V.G., Tiller, W.A. & Rutter, J.W. (1955). A mathematical analysis of solute redistribution during solidification. Canadian Journal of Physics, Vol. 33, p.723. abstract

Sunagawa, I. (1999). Growth and Morphology of Crystals. Forma, Vol. 14, pp. 147-166.

Sunagawa, I. (2003). Growth Histories of Mineral Crystals as Seen from Their Morphological Features In: Byrappa, K. & Ohachi, T. (Eds.) Crystal Growth Technology. Springer Series in Materials Processing, Jointly published with William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY, USA, 590 p. ISBN 9780471490593.

Sunagawa, I. (2010). Single Crystals Grown Under Unconstrained Conditions. In: Dhanaraj, G., Byrappa, K. Prasad, V. & Dudley, M. (Eds.) Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth, pp. 133-157, Springer, 1856 p. ISBN: 978-3-540-74182-4 (Print); 978-3-540-74761-1 (Online). abstract

Sunagawa, I. (2005). Crystals - Growth, Morphology and Perfection. Cambrigde University Press, Cambridge, UK, 295 p. ISBN 978-0-521-84189-4. excerpt

Themelis, T. (1987). Trapiche emerald. The Lapidary Journal, Vol. 41, p. 19.

Tiller, W.A., Jackson, K.A., Rutter, J.W. & Chalmers, B. (1953). The redistribution of solute atoms during the solidification of metals. Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 1, p. 428. abstract

Tripp, E.J. & Hernandez, L.H. (1970). The complete trapiche emerald picture. The Lapidary Journal, Vol. 24, No. X, pp. 96-104.

O'Donoghue, M.J. (1971). Trapiche emerald. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 12, No. 8, pp. 329-332.

Tripp, E.J. & Hernandez, L.H. (1970). The complete trapiche emerald picture. The Lapidary Journal, Vol. 24, p. 97.

Wass, S.Y. (1973). The origin and petrogenetic significance of hour-glass zoning in titaniferous clinopyroxenes. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 39, pp. 133-144. abstract

Wood, D.L. & Nassau, K. (1968). The characterization of beryl and emerald by visible and infrared absorption spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, Vol. 54, pp. 777-1800. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents

Treatments

Bedeaux, O. (1987). Le traitement des émeraudes par huilage. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes (in French).

Bower, D.I. & Maddams, W.F. (1989). The Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polymers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 326 p. ISBN

Briggs, H.E. (1935). A Coated "Emerald". Gems & Gemology, Vol. 1, No. 9 (May-June), p. 254.

Chalain, J.-P., Hänni, H.A., Kiefert, L. (1998). Détermination des substances de remplissage dans les émeraudes In: Giard, D. (Editor) L’émeraude. Connaisances Actuelles et Prospectives, pp. 107–115. Association Françáise de Gemmologie, Paris, France, 235 p. Dépot légal No. 33605 (in French with abstracts in English). Also published on www.ssef.ch

Drucker, R. (1999). What you should know about enhancements and gem pricing. Jewelers’ Circular Keystone, Vol. 170, No. 1, pp. 124–127. Also published on www.jckonline.com

Fryer, C., Crowningshield, R.C., Hurwit, K. & Kane, R.E. (1984). Gem trade lab notes: Emerald, oiled. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 46–47.

Hänni, H.A. (1988). An oil well in your garden? Schweizer Uhren & Schmuck Journal, No. 3 (March), pp. 461-464. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Hänni, H.A. (1992a). Identification of fissure-treated gemstones. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 201-205. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Hänni, H.A. (1992b). Identification des fissures traitées. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 110, pp. 10-12 (in French). Also published on www.ssef.ch

Hänni, H.A., Kiefert, L. & Chalain, J.P. (1996). How to identify fillings in emeralds using Raman spectroscopy. Jewellery News Asia, No. 145, pp. 154, 156. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Henn, U. & Milisenda, C.C. (2005). Edelsteine und ihre künstlichen Eigenschaftsveränderungen. Deutsche Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Idar-Oberstein, Germany, 84 p. ISBN 3-932515-46-3.

Hurwit, K.N. (1989). Gem Trade Lab Notes: Emerald with plastic-like filling. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer), p. 104.

Johnson, M.L. (2007). Durability Testing of Filled Emeralds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 120-137.

Johnson, M.L. & Koivula, J.I. (1997). Gem news: A new emerald filler. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 148–149.

Johnson, M., McClure, S., Koivula, J. & Moses, T. (1998). How to detect clarity enhancement in emeralds. Modern Jeweler, Vol. 97, No. 1, pp. 58–61.

Johnson, M.L., Elen, S. & Muhlmeister, S. (1999). On the Indentification of Various Emerald Filling Substances. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 82-107.

Kammerling, R.C., Koivula, J.I. & Kane, R.E. (1990). Gemstone enhancement and its detection in the 1980s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 32-49.

Kammerling, R.C., Koivula, J.I., Kane, R.E., Maddison, P., Shigley, J.E. & Fritsch, E. (1991). Fracture filling of emeralds: opticon and traditional “oils”. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 70-85.

Kammerling, R.C. (1993). Gem Trade Lab Notes: Emerald with large filled etch channels. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Winter), p. 280.

Kammerling, R.C., Maddison, P. & Johnson, M.L. (1995). Gem Trade Lab Notes: Emerald with unusual flash-effect colors. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Spring), p. 54.

Kane, R.E. (1990). Gem Trade Lab Notes: Emerald with filled fractures. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 95-96.

Kennedy, H.F. (1998). Brazilian emeralds: Oiling at the source. National Jeweler, Vol. 42, No. 10, p. 36, 38, 42, 46, 48, 50, 52.

Kiefert, L., Hänni, H.A., Chalain, J.-P. & Weber, W. (1999). Identification of filler substances in emeralds by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 501-520. Also published on www.ssef.ch

Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C., Fritsch, E., Fryer, C.W, Hargett, D. & Kane, R.E. (1989). The characteristics and identification of filled diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 68-83.

Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C. & Fritsch, E. (Editors) (1993). Gem news: Apparatus for fracture filling gems. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Spring), pp. 62–63.

Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C., Fritsch, E., Johnson, M.L. & DeGhionno, D. (1994). Gem News: New emerald treatment/polishing systems from Israel. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 122-132.

Lasnier, B. (1994). Les traitements des gemmes. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 121, pp. 13-14 (in French).

Mark, J.E. (Editor) (2007). Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook. 2^nd Edition. Springer, New York, NY, U.S.A., 1076 p. ISBN 978-0-387-31235-4.

McClure, S.F., Moses, T.M., Tannous, M. & Koivula, J.I. (1999). Classifying Emerald Clarity Enhancement at the Gia Gem Trade Laboratory. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 122-132.

Nassau, K. (1994). Gemstone Enhancement. History, Science, and State of the Art. 2^nd Edition, Reprinted 1996. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, U.K., 252 p. ISBN 0-7506-1797-7.

Ringsrud, R. (1983). The oil treatment of emeralds in Bogotá, Colombia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 149-156.

Rink, W.J., Gielesse, P.J. & Pendl, H.S. (1990). Coloration in electron-radiated beryl. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 33-37.

Ruskoné, E. (1995). A propos des traitements. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 123, pp. 2-3 (in French).

Schmetzer, K. (1993). Radiation-induced colour-change in natural and synthetic emerald. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 402-408.

Sirakian, D. & Ruskoné, E. (1995). Etude comparative sur les principaux traitements de l’émeraude. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 124, 6-8 (in French).

Sivry, B. (1985). Colles et adhesifs. Encyclopaedia Universalis Corpus, Vol. 5, p. 74-78.

Themelis, T. (1990). Oiling emeralds. Cornerstone, Vol. x (July), pp. 21-24.

Themelis, T. & Federman, D. (1990). A jeweler’s guide to emerald oiling. Modern Jeweler, Vol. 89, No. 5, pp. 64-69.

Zecchini, P. & Maitrallet, P. (1998). Que peut apporter la spectrographie infrarouge dans l’étude des émeraudes? In: Giard, D. (Editor) L’émeraude. Connaisances Actuelles et Prospectives, pp. 81–96. Association Françáise de Gemmologie, Paris, France, 235 p. Dépot légal No. 33605 (in French with abstracts in English).

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