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References > Corundum | Rubies & Sapphires
First draft: July 16th, 1997 | Last update: February 21st, 2014 | References: 1278
In order to keep the best overview, the following references were categorised according to their respective topics. Some articles may fall under multiple entries. For quick reference, click a topic in the keyword section. Clicking any section header will bring you back to the keyword section.
Keywords: Afghanistan, Asia, Asterism & Chatoyancy, Australia, Azad-Kashmir, Baddeleyite, Brazil, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Ceylon, China, Colombia, Crystallography, Czech Republic, Fake Rough, Fluorescence, France, General, Germany, Geochemistry, Geology, Greenland, Historical Accounts, Hibonite, Imitations, Inclusions, India, Isotope Research, Jammu-Kashmir, Kashmir, Kenya, Laos, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Montana, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Origin, Padparadscha, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Scotland, Slovakia, Spectroscopic Research, Sri Lanka, Structural Properties, Switzerland, Synthetics, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trapiche, Treatments, USA, Vietnam, Zanskar-Kashmir & Zirconolite.
General
Anonymous (2005). Gems: fancy sapphires. IDEX Magazine, Vol. 20, No. 184, pp. 142-143.
Anonymous (2011). Ruby or sapphire. Joia & Cia, Vol. 12, No. 73, p. 70.
Anonymous (2012). Fancy favorites: a love affair with rubies and sapphires. IDEX Magazine, Vol. 27, No. 262, pp. 94-99.
Anonymous (2012). Les pierres de couleur originales sont dans l'air du temps. Gold'Or, No. 6, pp. 51-52 (in French).
Brauner, M. (2012-2013). All about fancy sapphires. Indian Jeweller, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 107-108.
Cresbon, F., Lebrun, P., Le Cléac'h, J.-M., Notari, F., Grobron, C., & Deville, J. (2002). Corindon et Spinelles. Minéraux et Fossiles, Hors Série No. 15, Editions Cédim, Paris, 104 p. (in French).
Eppler, W.F. (1972). Seltenheiten. Deutsche Goldschmiede-Zeitung, No. 3.
Falz, E. (1939). Von Menschen und edlen Steinen. Charivar Verlag, Idar-Oberstein, 225 p. ISBN 978-3921692165.
Fryer, C.W. & Koivula, J.I. (1986). An Examination of Four Important Gems. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 99-102.
Gravender, M.D. (1934). Sapphire. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 1, No. 2 (March-April), pp. 47-48.
Heady, S. (1999). Sapphires: are a girl's best friend. Chartwell Books, Edison, NJ, 96 p. ISBN 978-0785811008.
Hughes, R.W. (1990). Corundum. Butterworth Heinemann, England, 314 p. ISBN 978-0-7506-1007-0. www.ruby-sapphire.com
Hughes, R.W. (1997). Ruby & Sapphire. RWH Publishing, Boulder, CO, USA, 511 p. ISBN 0-9645097-6-8. www.ruby-sapphire.com
Hughes, R.W. (2001). Seeing red: a guide to ruby connoisseurship. The Guide, Vol. 20, No. 6, Part 1 (November–December), pp. 4–7, 16. Also published on www.palagems.com
Hughes, R.W. (Not dated, Retrieved March 18th 2014). Ruby Buying Guide, published on www.collectorfinejewelry.com
Kelly, R. (2009). Corundum variety sapphire, ruby. Metal, Stone & Glass, Vol. 48, p. 12.
Krzemnicki, M.S. (2012). Fancy-coloured sapphires: classical gemstones with a rich colour spectrum. SSEF Facette, No. 19, pp. 6-7.
Matlins, A. (2005). Colored gemstones. The Antoinette Matlins buying guide - how to select, buy, care for & enjoy sapphires, emeralds, rubies, and other colored gems with confidence and knowledge. 3rdEd. GemStone Press, Woodstock, VT, 256 p. ISBN 978-0-943763-72-9.
Mitchell R.K. (1983). "Silk" in Sapphires From a New Source. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 520-522.
Mumme, I.A. (1988). The world of sapphires: their occurrence, discrimination, synthesis, and valuation. Mumme Publications, Port Hacking, N.S.W., 190 p. ISBN 978-0-959306-91-0.
Newman, R. (2000). Ruby, sapphire & emerald buying guide: how to evaluate, identify, select & care for these gemstones. International Jewelry Publications, Los Angeles, 164 p. ISBN 978-0-929975-28-3.
Newman, R. (2009). The ruby, sapphire & emerald buying guide: how to identify, evaluate and select these gems. International Jewelry Publications, Los Angeles, 188 p. ISBN 978-0-929975-41-2.
Peretti, A. & Smith C.P. (1994). Letters to the Editor. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 61-63.
Perkins, J. (2012). World of sapphires: Recognizing the rarity and beauty of multicolor corundum gems. Rock & Gem, Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 44-49.
Robertson, S.M. (2012). Market trends: Padparadscha 1992-2012. Gem Guide: Gem Market News, Vol. 31, No. 3, p. 16.
Rutherford, R. (2010). World's largest sapphire. Midland Focus, No. 16, pp. 38-39.
Scarratt, K. (????). The identification of ruby and sapphire. GIA Symposium Proceedings, pp. 82-83.
Shigley, J.E., Laurs, B.M., Janse, A.J.A.B., Elen, S. & Dirlam, D.M. (2010). Gem localities of the 2000s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 188-216.
Shor, R. & Weldon, R. (2009). Ruby and Sapphire Production and Distribution: A Quarter Century of Change. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 236-259.
Shor, R. (2010). Ruby and sapphire markets transformed. Hong Kong Jewellery, Vol. 3, No. 125, pp. 40-42; Israel Diamonds, No. 231, pp. 54, 56-57 & www.diamonds.net
Smith, C.P. (2010). Inside sapphires. Rapaport Diamond Report, Vol. 33, No. 7, pp. 123-132.
Sweeney, B.B. (2003). Corundum Conundrum. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 21, p. 463.
Vogel, S. (2010). Padparadscha sapphire: the connoisseur's stone. JQ International, p. 12.
Voynick, S.M. (2007). Colorful corundum: aluminum oxide gems span the spectrum. Rock & Gem, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 80-84.
Ward, F. (2003). Rubies & sapphires. 4th Ed. Gem Book Publishers, Malibu, CA, 64 p. ISBN 978-1887651103.
Webster, R. (1957). Ruby and Sapphire. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 101-146.
Weldon, R. (2001). Study in red. Professional Jeweler Archive, pp. 1-3.
Wise, R.W. (2003). Secrets of the Gem Trade - The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones. Brunswick House Press, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA, 274 p. ISBN 0-9728223-9-9. www.secretsofthegemtrade.com
Bratton, R.J. (1971). Precipitation and Hardening Behavior of Czochralski Star Sapphire. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 42, p. 211. abstract
Connellan, M. & Pozzebon, L. (1985). Asterism - The great enigma: A study of Australian star sapphires. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 15, No. 9 (February), pp. 295-306.
Eppler, W.F. (1958). Notes on Asterism in corundum, rose quartz and almandine garnet and chatoyancy in beryl. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. VI, No. 5., pp. xxx-xxx.
Nassau, K. (1968). On the Cause of Asterism in Star Corundum. American Mineralogist, Vol. 53, pp. 300-305. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents
Phillips, D.S., Heuer, A.H. & Mitchell, T.E. (1980). Precipitation in Star Sapphire I. Identification of the Precipitate. Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 385-404. abstract
Phillips, D.S., Heuer, A.H. & Mitchell, T.E. (1980). Precipitation in star sapphire II. Elastic accommodation of the precipitate. Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 405-416. abstract
Phillips, D.S., Heuer, A.H. & Mitchell, T.E. (1980). Precipitation in star sapphire III. Chemical effects accompanying precipitation. Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 417-432. abstract
Pough, F.H. (1961). New Star-Stones and Their Antecedents. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 14-20.
Saminpanya, S. (2001). Ti-Fe mineral inclusions in star sapphires from Thailand. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 125-128.
Schmetzer, K. & Glas, M. (2001). Zwolfstrahliger Sternsaphir aus Bang-Kha-Cha, Thailand. Mineralien Magazin Lapis, Vol. 26, No. 11, pp. 40-42 (in German).
Schmetzer, K. & Kiefert, L. (1987). Investigation of a sapphire cat’s-eye from Burma. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 346-349.
Schmetzer, K., Steinbach, M.P., Gilg, H.A. & Blake, A.R. (2015). Dual-color double stars in corundum and quartz In: Proceedings: 34th International Gemmological Conference IGC, Vilnius, Lithuania, 26-30 August 2015, pp. 60-64. The entire publication is available on www.igc-gemmology.net
Tait, A.S. (1955). Asterism in Corundum. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 65-72.
Blount, A. & Shulman, W. (1977). Twinning in Minerals. The Mineralogical Record, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 350-361. The Mineralogical Record Tables of Contents
Buerger, M.J. (1945). The Genesis of Twin Crystals. American Mineralogist, Vol. 30, Nos. 7/8, pp. 469-482. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents
Arlabosse, J.-M. (2005). “Faux” crystal de rubis. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 153, p. 23.
Coldham, T. (2004). Sapphire in basalt fake. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 22, p. 171.
Delaunay, A. & Fritsch, E. (2011). Corindons synthetiques sculptes pour imiter des corindons naturels. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 178, pp. 13-16 (in French).
Fritz, E.A. & Laurs, B.M. (Eds.) (2006). Gem News International: Synthetic corundum "gem rough" in Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter), p. 282.
Kammerling, R.C. (Ed.) (1993). Gem Trade Lab Notes: Another Imitation Ruby "Crystal". Gems & Gemology, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Fall), p. 204.
Koivula, J.I. & Kammerling, R.C. (Eds.) (1989). Gem News: Synthetic corundum "crystals". Gems & Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Winter), p. 249-250.
Koivula, J.I. & Kammerling, R.C. (Eds.) (1991). Gem News International: More synthetics sold as natural ruby in Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Winter), p. 260.
Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C. & Fritsch, E. (Eds.) (1993). Gem News: More on Vietnamese deceptions. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 289-290.
Fake Rubies & Sapphires | Imitations
Anonymous (1938). Another Star Sapphire Substitute. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 2, No. 10 (Summer), p. 168.
Anonymous (1939). "True Star". Gems & Gemology, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Fall), p. 36.
Tombs, G. (1974). Synthetic-Like Fluorescence in a Natural Sapphire. The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 12, No.3, p. 94. Reprinted in The Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 21 (2003), p. 464.
Abduriyim, A. (2015). Residual pressure distribution and visualization of mineral inclusions in corundum: application of photoluminescence spectroscopy in relation to sapphires from New England, New South Wales, Australia In: Proceedings: 34th International Gemmological Conference IGC, Vilnius, Lithuania, 26-30 August 2015, pp. 1-2. The entire publication is available on www.igc-gemmology.net
Beaton, D. & Wang, W. (2008). Lab notes: Blue sapphire, with unusually high concentrations of rare-earth elements. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 162-163.
Beran, A. & Rossman, G.A. (2006). OH in naturally occurring corundum. European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 441–447. abstract
Bonizzoni, L., Galli, A., Spinolo, G. & Palanza, V. (2009). EDXRF quantitative analysis of chromophore chemical elements in corundum samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 395, Issue 7, pp. 2021-2027. abstract + references
Boulvais, P., Fourcade, S., Moine, B., Gruau, G. & Cuney, M. (2000). Rare-earth elements distribution in granulite-facies marbles: a witness of fluid–rock interaction. Lithos, Vol. 53, pp. 117-126. abstract
Dissanayake, C.B. & Rupasinghe, M.S. (1986). The niobium and yttrium abundances in the sedimentary gem deposits of Sri Lanka. Journal of the National Sciences Council of Sri Lanka, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 55-74.
Dissanayake, C.B. & Rupasinghe, M.S. (1992). Application of geochemistry to exploration for gem deposits in Sri Lanka. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 165-175.
Donovan, J.J. & Tingle, T.N. (1996). An improved mean atomic number background correction for quantitative microanalysis. Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-7.
Dubois, J. (1989). Contribution à l'identification du rubis par la mise en évidence de divers éléments à l'état de trace. Diplôme d'Université de Gemmologie (DUG) Dissertation, University of Nantes (in French).
Gamage, S.J.K., Rupasinghe, M.S. & Dissanayake, C.B. (1992). Application of Rb-Sr ratios to gem exploration in the granulite belt of Sri Lanka. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 43, Issue 3 (June), pp. 281-292. abstract
Günther, D., Frischknecht, R. & Heinrich, C. A. (1997). Capabilities of a 193nm ArF Excimer Laser for LA-ICP-MS Micro Analysis of Geological Materials. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 12, Issue 9, pp. 939-944. abstract
Günther, D. & Hattendorf, B. (2005). Solid sample analysis using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 24, Issue 3, pp. 255-265. abstract
Hänni, H.A. & Stern, W.B. (1982). Über die Bedeutung des Gallium-Nachweises in Korunden. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 31, pp. 255-260 (in German).
Harder, H. (1969). Farbgebende Spurenelemente in den natürlichen Korunden. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, Vol. x, pp. 128-141.
Hattendorf, B., Latkoczy, C. & Günther, D. (2003). Laser ablation-ICPMS. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 75, No. 15, pp. 341A-347A.
Peucat, J.-J., Ruffault, P., Fritsch, E., Simonet, C., Bouhnik-Le Coz, M. & Lasnier, B. (2005). Un nouvel outil géochimique de reconnaissance des saphirs bleus basaltiques et métamorphiques: le rapport Ga/Mg. Revue de Gemmologie, Association Française de Gemmologie, No. 153, pp. 8-12 (in French).
Peucat, J.J., Ruffault, P., Fritsch, E., Bouhnik-Le Coz, M., Simonet, C. & Lasnier, B. (2007). Ga/Mg ratios as a new geochemical tool to differentiate magmatic from metamorphic blue sapphires. Lithos, Vol. 98, pp. 261-274. abstract
Pouchou, J.L. & Pichoir, F. (1985). "PAP" φ(ρZ) procedure for improved quantitative microanalysis. Microbeam Analysis, Vol. 20, pp. 104-105.
Rupasinghe, M.S., Banerjee, A., Pense, J. & Dissanayke, C.B. (1983). The geochemistry of beryllium and fluorine in the gem fields of Sri Lanka. Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 19, No. 1 (January), pp. 86-93. abstract + references
Schmetzer, K. & Bank, H. (1981). Die Farbursachen und Farbe der Mineralart Korund. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 30, pp. 152-156.
Cahen, L. & Snelling, N.J. (1984). The geochronology and evolution of Africa. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 512 p. ISBN 0198575440.
Coenraads, R.R. (1992). Surface features on natural rubies and sapphires derived from volcanic provinces. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 151-160.
Coenraads, R.R. (1992a). Sapphires and rubies associated with volcanic provinces: inclusions and surface features shed light on their origin. The Australian Gemmologist, August, pp. 70-78.
Coenraads, R.R., Sutherland, F.L. & Kinny, P.D. (1990). The Origin of sapphires: U-Pb dating of zircon inclusions sheds new light. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 54. pp. 113-22. Mineralogical Magazine Tables of Contents
Collins, A.S. (2000). The tectonic evolution of Madagascar: Its place in the East African Orogen. Gondwana Research, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 549–552.
Cooray, P.G. (1984). An introduction to the geology of Sri Lanka. 2nd Revised Edition, National Museums of Sri Lanka, Colombo, xix, 340 p. + geological map (1 : 500.000). review
Cooray, P.G. & Berger, A.R. (1980). Is the Highland-Eastern Vijayan boundary in Sri Lanka a possible mineralized belt? - A discussion. Economic Geology, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 774-775.
Cooray, P.G. & Kumarapeli, P.S. (1980). Corundum in biotite-sillimanite gneiss from near Polgahawela, Ceylon. Geological Magazine, Vol. 97, No. 6, pp. 480-487. abstract
Dahanayake, K. (1980). Modes of occurrence and provenance of gemstones of Sri Lanka. Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 15, Issue 1 (March), pp. 81-86. abstract + references
Dahanayake, K. & Ranasinghe, A.P. (1981). Source rocks of gem minerals: a case study from Sri Lanka. Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 16, Issue 1 (May), pp. 103-111. abstract + references
Dahanayake, K. & Ranasinghe, A.P. (1985). Geology and mineralogy of gemming terrains in Sri Lanka. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, Vol. 57, Part 1-2, pp. 139-149.
Dissanayake, C.B. & Chandrajith, R. (1999). Sri Lanka–Madagascar Gondwana Linkage: Evidence for a Pan-African Mineral Belt. The Journal of Geology, Vol. 107, Issue 2 (March), pp. 223–235.
Dissanayake, C.B., Chandrajith, R. & Tobschall, H.J. (2000). The Geology, Mineralogy and Rare Element Geochemistry of the Gem Deposits of Sri Lanka. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, Vol. 72, No. 1-2, pp. 1-20. Also see www.geologinenseura.fi
Draper, D.S. & Green, T.H. (1999). P-T phase relations of silicic, alkaline aluminous liquids: new results and applications to mantle melting and metasomatism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 170, Issue 3, pp. 255-268. abstract
Emori, K. & Kitawaki, H. (2015). Geographic origin determination of ruby and blue sapphire based on trace element analysis using LA-ICP-MS and 3D-plot In: Proceedings: 34th International Gemmological Conference IGC, Vilnius, Lithuania, 26-30 August 2015, pp. 48-50. The entire publication is available on www.igc-gemmology.net
Fernandez, A., Huber, S., Schreurs, G., Villa, I. & Rakotondrazafy, M. (2001). Tectonic evolution of the Itremo region (central Madagascar) and implications for Gondwana assembly. International Symposium and Field Workshop on the Tectonics and Mineralization in the Arabian Shield and its Extensions, UNESCO/IGCP Project 368: Proterozoic Events in East Gondwana. King Abdualaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, March 17–25.
Fernandez, A. & Schreurs, G. (2003). Tectonic evolution of the Proterozoic Itremo Group metasediments in central Madagascar. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, Vol. 206, pp. 381-399. abstract
Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D. & Schwarz, D. (2004). Saphirs & Rubis, Les gisements de corindon: classification et genese. Le Regne Mineral, No. 55, 47 p (in French).
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Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Groat, L. & Fagan, A.J. (2014). The geology and genesis of gem corundum deposits In: Groat, L.A. (Editor) Geology of gem deposits, pp. 29-112. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Series, Vol. 44, Quebec, Quebec, Canada, 405 p. ISBN 978-0-921294-54-2.
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Hunstiger, C. (1990). Darstellung und Vergleich primärer Rubinvorkommen in metamorphen Muttergesteinen, Part II: Petrographie und Phasenpetrologie. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 49-63 (in German).
Hunstiger, C. (1990). Darstellung und Vergleich primärer Rubinvorkommen in metamorphen Muttergesteinen, Part III: Petrographie und Phasenpetrologie. Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 39, No. 2/3, pp. 121-145 (in German).
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Koltsov, A.B. (2002). Ruby-bearing metasomatites in marbles: conditions and numerical model of the formation. Experiments in Geosciences, Vol. 10, pp. 94-96.
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Kröner, A. (1984). Late Precambrian plate tectonics and orogeny: a need to redefine the term Pan-African. African Geology, Vol. 5, pp. 23-28.
Kröner, A. (1991). African linkage of Precambrian Sri Lanka. Geologische Rundschau, Vol. 80, pp. 429-40. abstract + references
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Levinson, A.A. & Cook, F.A. (1994). Gem Corundum in Alkali Basalt Origin and Occurrence. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 253-262.
London, D. (1986a). Magmatic-hydrothermal transition in the Tanco rare-element pegmatite: evidence from fluid inclusions and phase-equilibrium experiments. American Mineralogist, Vol. 71, pp. 376-395. American Mineralogist Tables of Contents
Munasinghe, T. & Dissanayake, C.B. (1980). Is the Highland-eastern Vijayan boundary in Sri Lanka a possible mineralized belt? - Reply. Economic Geology, Vol. 75, No. 5 (August), pp. 775-777.
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Owen, J.V. & Greenough, J.D. (1991). An empirical sapphirine-spinel Mg-Fe exchange thermometer and its application to high-grade xenoliths in the Pope Harbour dyke, Nova Scotia, Canada. Lithos, Vol. 26, pp. 317-32. abstract
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Identification Tools: Structural Properties
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Localities
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